This paper investigates the effectiveness of demand response (DR) programs across various European residential contexts by examining the propensity of households to participate in energy management strategies. Utilizing a comprehensive, literature-driven questionnaire, this research collected 284 data entries from six European countries, including Denmark, Italy, Greece, Spain, Austria, and Romania. Through a multidimensional segmentation methodology, residential users were categorized based on their responses, revealing varied potential for adaptive DR programs. Key findings show a strong positive correlation between energy literacy and DR willingness—suggesting that informed consumers are more likely to participate in flexibility programs. Notable barriers included technological concerns, financial limitations, and a lack of awareness. Motivational factors ranged from financial incentives to environmental and social considerations. Segment-specific insights enabled the identification of tailored outreach strategies, recommending different engagement pathways for high-potential versus low-readiness groups. The results emphasize the importance of tailored DR strategies informed by distinct consumer profiles. Policy recommendations underscore localized, personified approaches to enhancing DR participation and supporting a sustainable energy transition.

With an emphasis on pilots in Spain and Portugal, this study examines the connection between Efficient, Sustainable, and Inclusive Energy (ESIE) performance improvements, home renovations, and tenant/owner behavior within the framework of the FORTESIE project (CBDC-powered Smart PerFORmance contracTs for Efficiency, Sustainable, Inclusive, Energy Use). This paper investigates the relationship between tenant behavior along with energy consumption and renovation packages that also include digital technologies and energy efficiency measures. It studies the efficiency and effectiveness of the FORTESIE Common Impact Model (CIM) towards engaging homeowners/tenants, comprehending their driving forces, and implementing customized plans to encourage sustainable energy practices. This study presents applied case studies with different digital and energy literacy backgrounds and emphasizes the importance of considering elements such as cultural settings, energy poverty, and digital literacy when creating sustainable energy engagement approaches and putting them into practice. Taking into account these elements, this study investigates whether the CIM can be used effectively in diverse settings to engage with stakeholders and help create customized and appropriate energy behavior pathways.