Objectives: The aim of this article is to examine the effectiveness and capabilities of laser use in periodontal surgical therapy by analyzing the existing literature that focuses on laser use alone or as a supplement to the already existing periodontal surgical techniques, comparing it to conventional periodontal surgical therapy, with the intent to reach a better understanding of the efficiency and therapeutic potential of lasers in periodontal surgery. Methods: An electronic search of the PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases was performed between October 2023 and December 2023 to identify all of the articles published in the last 15 years and investigate information about the application of Diode, Erbium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Er:YAG), Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), and Neodymium yttrium–aluminum–garnet (Nd:YAG) lasers to surgical periodontal therapy in human trials. Results: The database search yielded 18 studies. All of the databases showed a clinical improvement in pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival recession (GR), and bleeding on probing (BOP) in both the test and control groups, with results from five articles showing statistically better PD reduction in the laser group compared to the control group. CAL gain was statistically higher in the laser group in six articles, while one study indicated better PD and CAL results in the control group. Improved GR reduction with a laser was noted in two articles, while one article reported a negative influence from a laser in GR. BOP was significantly better with laser in one study, while the remaining two studies reported the same results as the control group. Conclusions: Laser application in resective surgery exhibits additional benefits to the already established techniques, while in regenerative surgery, more investigation is needed. Diode laser use in periodontal surgery is already widespread and shows clinical efficacy, while low-level laser therapy (LLLT) has an exceptional potential for a variety of applications, promoting better wound healing and less post-surgical complications. However, more trials and studies are needed to further examine the maximum efficiency of each laser type in periodontal surgical therapy.

Background: Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by the fibrosis of the oral mucosa, often associated with the habitual consumption of areca nut and tobacco, leading to significant morbidity. Despite its prevalent occurrence in many parts of the world, the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood, highlighting a critical need for research into its molecular genomics. The aim of this literature review is to investigate the molecular genomics of Oral Submucous Fibrosis by analyzing the relevant literature of the past decade. Methods: The search was conducted using MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine)-PubMed, focusing on the period 2015–2025 using the following keywords: Molecular Genomics AND Oral Submucous Fibrosis. This was followed by a manual search, and references were used to identify relevant articles. Results: A total of 12 articles were included in our review according to our inclusion criteria, which illustrated the importance of TGF-β, Wnt inhibitory factor-1, CypA, Hsp-70 1B, Calreticulin, Lumican, Enolase 1, MMP-2, IGF-1R, XIST, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Von Hippel-Lindau, and MUC1 and 4. Conclusions: Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of OSMF involves examining the molecular interactions and the roles of specific proteins. Advanced genomic technologies have opened new frontiers in the study of OSMF. As research in OSMF continues to evolve, emerging interdisciplinary approaches may provide therapeutic strategies, aiming to improve management outcomes for the patients.

Objectives: This review examines the efficacy of each laser type in the field of periodontal surgery and analyzes published articles that focus on the use of lasers in periodontal surgery. Methods: Automatic and manual searches were made in 3 separate databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane) with the aim of finding all published articles of the last 15 years up until December 2023 that describe the clinical manipulation of diode, erbium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Er:YAG), erbium, chromium: yttrium-scandium-gallium-garnet (Er,Cr:YSGG), neodymium yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG), and carbon dioxide (CO₂) lasers for periodontal surgical procedures in humans. Results: A total of 18 studies were selected for inclusion, all of which compared the usage of a laser type to conventional periodontal surgical techniques with their main follow-ups being in 3, 6, or 9 months. Conclusions: There are a variety of laser types, each with different settings and wavelengths, that can be applied to the established aspects of resective and regenerative periodontal surgeries. A significant majority of the publications, 10 of the 12 studies, that include diode lasers as an adjunctive show an improvement in clinical results compared to traditional surgical techniques alone, while 2 articles studied the Er:YAG laser and 1 article studied the Er,Cr:YSGG laser, with all 3 of them failing to completely test their therapeutic capabilities and indicating similar results to conventional surgery. The Nd:YAG laser was featured in 3 studies, with 1 study showing superior results for the laser group, another study showing the negative influence of the laser, and the 3rd study being inconclusive. The CO₂ laser was used in 1 study and showed better clinical results for the laser group. Diode lasers have been proven to produce additional therapeutic results, but there is a need for further investigation of erbium family lasers along with the Nd:YAG and CO₂ lasers, as the current provided literature contradicts their potential healing capabilities.

Background: Among the various forms of root resorption, External Apical Root Resorption (EARR) has garnered particular attention due to its prevalence and potential complications associated with orthodontic interventions. Methods: An electronic search of literature was performed between September 2024 and December 2024 to identify all articles investigating the Role of Genetic Polymorphisms in External Apical Root Resorption Among Orthodontic Patients: Implications for Treatment Outcomes. The search was conducted using MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine)-PubMed with restrictions concerning the date of publication. In particular, we focused on the period 2014–2024 using the following keywords: gene polymorphisms AND orthodontic treatment AND apical root resorption OR external apical root resorption. This was followed by a manual search, and references were used to identify relevant articles. Results: The review showed that certain variations of the following genes may be positively associated with OIEARR: Osteopontin gene, P2RX7, IL-1β, IL-6, IL1RN, OPG, RANK, STAG2, RP1-30E17.2, SSP1, SFRP2, TNFSF11, TNFRSF11A, TNFRSF11B, VDR, CYP27B1, ACT3N, TSC2, WNT3A, LRP1, LRP6. Conversely, the IRAK1 gene has a protective function against the development of OIEARR. Conclusions: Despite these advancements, it is still not feasible to establish new guidelines and clinical protocols based on the existing research findings. The integration of genetic considerations into orthodontic practice has the potential to revolutionize treatment strategies, ensuring that they are not only effective but also respectful of each patient’s unique biological landscape.

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disorder that is well documented in adults but remains relatively uncommon in the pediatric population. Due to its rarity, knowledge regarding its epidemiology, etiology, clinical behavior, diagnosis, and management in children remains limited. Objective: To review the current literature regarding epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, histopathological characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of OLP in pediatric patients. Materials and Methods: An electronic search of the literature was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases to identify OLP-associated case reports in the pediatric population. The search was limited to English-written publications of the past decade. The initial PubMed search yielded 228 publications. Following restriction to studies published between 2016 and 2026, 97 records remained. Limiting the search to English-language publications resulted in 95 studies. Screening for patients younger than 18 years identified 51 potentially relevant publications. After title, abstract, and full-text review, 10 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. To ensure comprehensive literature coverage, supplementary searches were subsequently conducted in the Scopus and Cochrane Library databases, identifying three additional eligible studies after excluding the duplicates. Consequently, a total of 13 studies were included in the final review. Results: Pediatric OLP is considerably less common than adult disease. The available evidence suggests an immune-mediated pathogenesis, although the exact mechanism remains unclear. Clinical presentations include reticular, erosive, plaque-like, linear, and severe mucocutaneous forms, with the reticular subtype being the most frequently reported. Histopathological findings consistently demonstrate basal cell degeneration and a dense subepithelial lymphocytic infiltrate. Topical corticosteroids remain the most commonly prescribed treatment and are generally associated with favorable clinical outcomes. Conclusions: Although relatively uncommon, OLP should be considered in the differential diagnosis of persistent oral white lesions in children. Early diagnosis and appropriate management are essential for symptom control and prevention of complications. Additional research is needed to better understand disease pathogenesis and establish evidence-based treatment protocols for pediatric patients.

Background: Effective management of peri-implant disease relies primarily on mechanical removal of the bacterial biofilm. However, achieving adequate surface decontamination can be challenging due to complex implant-surface morphology and restricted access to deep peri-implant pockets. This has prompted the use of adjunctive antimicrobial agents to complement mechanical therapy and improve therapeutic outcomes. Objective: To investigate whether the adjunctive use of antimicrobial strategies improves clinical, microbiological, and radiographic outcomes in patients with peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Materials and Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus in July 2026. No database filters concerning language, human participants or study design were applied. During the screening process, only randomized controlled clinical trials involving human participants and available as English-language full texts were selected. Eligible interventions included locally or systemically administered antibiotics, antiseptics, antimicrobial drug-delivery systems, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), ozone-based therapies, and microbiome-modulating adjuncts. Conventional laser therapy was not classified as an eligible antimicrobial intervention. The database searches retrieved 462 records, including 252 from PubMed and 210 from Scopus. Following duplicate removal and eligibility assessment, 100 publications representing 93 independent clinical trials were included. Results: adjunctive antimicrobial efficacy was highly variable and appeared to depend on disease severity, debridement strategy, antimicrobial agent, delivery modality, and follow-up period. Repeated or sustained local antimicrobial delivery was associated with modest, short-term benefits in several studies, whereas chlorhexidine (CHX) generally provided limited additional benefit over mechanical therapy. Evidence for systemic antibiotics remained inconsistent and insufficient to support routine use, while aPDT offered potential benefits that varied according to treatment protocol. Ozone therapy, herbal agents, and novel drug-delivery systems yielded encouraging preliminary results, although evidence remains scarce. Moreover, reductions in bleeding and probing depth (PD) did not reliably correspond to superior microbiological outcomes, radiographic bone gain, or complete disease resolution. Conclusions: Mechanical debridement (MD) and effective plaque control remain central to peri-implant disease management. Some adjunctive interventions produced modest short-term improvements in individual studies; however, the available evidence does not demonstrate durable disease control or support routine use. Therapeutic decisions should be tailored to disease severity, patient and implant characteristics, and the balance between potential benefits and antimicrobial-associated risks. Further well-designed and adequately powered randomized controlled trials with extended follow-up periods are needed to establish more definitive recommendations.