This review paper occupies with the frequency, etiology, diagnosis, treatment and the possible complications of Ankyloglossia (AG). AG is a congenital anomaly and its range varies from 0,1% to 4,8 %. There are several methods for the diagnosis of AG. The most popular method is the ‘’Hazelbaker’’, which assesses seven different tongue movements and five appearance characteristics. As far as the management of AG is concerned, there are two options, the ‘’wait-and-see’’ and the invasive procedure. The operator can choose between the frenotomy and the frenectomy. The difference is that in frenectomy the clinician removes the whole frenulum. Few complications have been mentioned, such as ulcers, pain, bleeding and noticeable scar, which were brought on to a second operation.

Background/Objectives: Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is a rare but aggressive neoplasm that predominantly arises from the salivary glands, accounting for a significant proportion of salivary gland cancers. The aim of this literature review is to illustrate the current insights on ACC with regards to related genes and molecular pathways by analyzing original research articles from the period 2015–2025. Methods: An electronic search of literature was performed between January and February 2025 to identify all articles investigating the current insights on salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma and its related genes and molecular pathways. The search was conducted using MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine)-PubMed with restrictions concerning the date of publication. In particular, we focused on the period 2015–2025 using the following keywords: Salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma AND genes AND molecular pathways. This was followed by a manual search, and references were used to identify relevant articles. Results: In total, 41 articles were identified through the keywords. After the implementation of the time frame 2015–2025, 31 articles remained. Subsequently, by reading the titles and abstracts and thereby excluding non-original research articles and articles written in a language other than English, 23 articles remained. Conclusions: These studies identified 23 relevant genes or pathways whose analysis yielded the most recent data regarding their function. The classification of ACC is multifaceted, encompassing distinct histological subtypes that are crucial for determining prognosis and treatment approaches. Current oncological practices classify ACC based on these histological features alongside emerging genetic and molecular markers that promise to enhance our understanding of the disease’s biology. Diagnostic strategies have evolved, leveraging techniques such as biopsy and molecular diagnostics, which have significantly improved the detection and characterization of ACC. Regarding treatment, the management of ACC remains a challenge due to its propensity for local invasion and metastasis, with surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy being the mainstays of therapy. The development of targeted therapies based on ACC’s molecular profile will allow for a better prognosis and an enhanced quality of life of patients.

Background: Oral Submucous Fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic, progressive condition characterized by the fibrosis of the oral mucosa, often associated with the habitual consumption of areca nut and tobacco, leading to significant morbidity. Despite its prevalent occurrence in many parts of the world, the underlying genetic and molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood, highlighting a critical need for research into its molecular genomics. The aim of this literature review is to investigate the molecular genomics of Oral Submucous Fibrosis by analyzing the relevant literature of the past decade. Methods: The search was conducted using MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine)-PubMed, focusing on the period 2015–2025 using the following keywords: Molecular Genomics AND Oral Submucous Fibrosis. This was followed by a manual search, and references were used to identify relevant articles. Results: A total of 12 articles were included in our review according to our inclusion criteria, which illustrated the importance of TGF-β, Wnt inhibitory factor-1, CypA, Hsp-70 1B, Calreticulin, Lumican, Enolase 1, MMP-2, IGF-1R, XIST, Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, Von Hippel-Lindau, and MUC1 and 4. Conclusions: Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of OSMF involves examining the molecular interactions and the roles of specific proteins. Advanced genomic technologies have opened new frontiers in the study of OSMF. As research in OSMF continues to evolve, emerging interdisciplinary approaches may provide therapeutic strategies, aiming to improve management outcomes for the patients.

Background/Objectives: Ameloblastoma is a benign odontogenic neoplasm characterized by locally aggressive behavior and frequent recurrences despite surgical treatment. It originates from odontogenic epithelium, including the cell rests of the dental lamina, remnants of the enamel organ, epithelial cell rests of Malassez, or the basal cell layer of the oral mucosa. Investigation of the etiopathogenesis of ameloblastoma has gained critical relevance due to the need for extensive surgical procedures, high recurrence rates, and its malignant potential. Accordingly, the aim of the present narrative review is to summarize current evidence regarding key aspects of ameloblastoma etiopathogenesis, with emphasis on signaling pathways, mutations, epigenetics, and epithelial–stromal interactions. Methods: An extensive literature search was conducted using the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases, employing the keywords: “etiology”, “pathogenesis”, “molecular”, “biomarkers”, “cellular”, “epigenetic”, “mutation”, “pathway”, and “ameloblastoma”. In vitro studies, clinical studies, case reports, and narrative and systematic reviews published in English were included, without restriction on publication year. Results: Current evidence indicates that ameloblastoma pathogenesis is driven by dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways, particularly the MAPK and Sonic Hedgehog pathways, through recurrent activating BRAF and SMO mutations. In addition, alterations affecting the WNT/β-Catenin and PI3K/AKT signaling cascades, epigenetic modifications, and epithelial–stromal interactions, contribute to tumor behavior. Conclusions: Despite significant advances, genotype–phenotype correlations, mutation frequencies and coexistence, clonality, and other associations remain incompletely understood. Larger tumor cohorts and robust meta-analyses are required to clarify these associations and to leverage the development of personalized therapeutic strategies.

Background: Among the various forms of root resorption, External Apical Root Resorption (EARR) has garnered particular attention due to its prevalence and potential complications associated with orthodontic interventions. Methods: An electronic search of literature was performed between September 2024 and December 2024 to identify all articles investigating the Role of Genetic Polymorphisms in External Apical Root Resorption Among Orthodontic Patients: Implications for Treatment Outcomes. The search was conducted using MEDLINE (National Library of Medicine)-PubMed with restrictions concerning the date of publication. In particular, we focused on the period 2014–2024 using the following keywords: gene polymorphisms AND orthodontic treatment AND apical root resorption OR external apical root resorption. This was followed by a manual search, and references were used to identify relevant articles. Results: The review showed that certain variations of the following genes may be positively associated with OIEARR: Osteopontin gene, P2RX7, IL-1β, IL-6, IL1RN, OPG, RANK, STAG2, RP1-30E17.2, SSP1, SFRP2, TNFSF11, TNFRSF11A, TNFRSF11B, VDR, CYP27B1, ACT3N, TSC2, WNT3A, LRP1, LRP6. Conversely, the IRAK1 gene has a protective function against the development of OIEARR. Conclusions: Despite these advancements, it is still not feasible to establish new guidelines and clinical protocols based on the existing research findings. The integration of genetic considerations into orthodontic practice has the potential to revolutionize treatment strategies, ensuring that they are not only effective but also respectful of each patient’s unique biological landscape.