Meningioma classification and treatment have evolved over the past eight decades. Since Bailey, Cushing, and Eisenhart’s description of meningiomas in the 1920s and 1930s, there have been continual advances in clinical stratification by histopathology, radiography and, most recently, molecular profiling, to improve prognostication and predict response to therapy. Precise and accurate classification is essential to optimizing management for patients with meningioma, which involves surveillance imaging, surgery, primary or adjuvant radiotherapy, and consideration for clinical trials. Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) grade, extent of resection (EOR), and patient characteristics are used to guide management. While these have demonstrated reliability, a substantial number of seemingly benign lesions recur, suggesting opportunities for improvement of risk stratification. Furthermore, the role of adjuvant radiotherapy for grade 1 and 2 meningioma remains controversial. Over the last decade, numerous studies investigating the molecular drivers of clinical aggressiveness have been reported, with the identification of molecular markers that carry clinical implications as well as biomarkers of radiotherapy response. Here, we review the historical context of current practices, highlight recent molecular discoveries, and discuss the challenges of translating these findings into clinical practice.

The study of exoplanets is one of the fastest-growing areas in astronomy. The number of known exoplanets has increased dramatically, providing new insights into the galaxy’s diversity and abundance of planetary systems. The field has progressed significantly from discovery and characterization to various new areas, including exploring the demographics of exoplanets, examining their atmospheres, investigating the process of planetary formation and evolution, studying the interactions between stars and planets, and searching for signs of life beyond our solar system. These advances are made by drawing expertise from astrophysics, planetary science, atmospheric science, and astrobiology. Recently, there has been a steady growth in the number of Indian astronomers involved in exoplanet research. This exoplanet vision document, prepared under the aegis of ASI, summarizes the field’s current status globally. It also highlights the efforts of various research groups in the country and identifies potential directions for future research. To be able to do competitive exoplanet science within the country, we suggest implementing capacity-building measures in the areas of modeling and theory, establishing new observational facilities, and fostering collaboration within the country and abroad. Specific recommendations of the exoplanet working group are as follows: (1) We identify RV follow-up observations of exoplanets discovered by ongoing and future space-based surveys such as TESS, Gaia, and PLATO as the highest priority areas for the community. We recommend a 4-m class (or large) telescope mounted with a high resolution (\(R > rsim 100\) K) spectrograph for the RV follow-up and transit spectroscopy studies in the long-term (10–15 yr). In the interim, sufficient time should be made available to the community on the PARAS-2/PRL facility and the upcoming high-resolution spectrograph on DOT/ARIES for these studies. (2) Developing new technology and building state-of-the-art exoplanet instruments for the future 10 m facility class National Large Optical Telescope (NLOT). (3) Leveraging ISRO’s strength in the space program to plan and develop small (e.g., UV, optical, and IR transit payloads) and big space missions (e.g., ExoWorlds) for exoplanet science. (4) Setting up a 1 m class transit telescope for survey and follow-up studies and to have synergy with other observatories for continuous and time-critical observations across different longitudes. (5) Expanding computational resources and augmenting modeling/simulation efforts. (6) Taking the excitement of exoplanet discoveries to the public by integrating it with various outreach and educational activities of the institutes.

Glioneuronal tumors are rare central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms with heterogeneous clinical, histological, and molecular features. Diagnosis and classification are often challenging due to overlapping morphology and limited defining alterations. Here, we present a 19-year-old female with a right frontal lobe glioneuronal tumor, initially suspected to be a low-grade glioma. Histology revealed mixed glial and neuronal elements with low proliferative activity. Standard molecular testing was negative for IDH1/IDH2 and BRAF mutations. DNA methylation profiling did not match to any known CNS class but clustered most closely with low-grade glioma/ganglioglioma. Next-generation RNA sequencing identified a CLIP2::MET fusion as the sole pathogenic alteration. MET fusions are actionable oncogenic drivers across several cancers, and their detection has therapeutic relevance with approved inhibitors. This case expands the spectrum of MET-driven CNS tumors and suggests that CLIP2::MET fusion may represent a distinct molecular subset of glioneuronal tumors relevant to precision oncology.

Background/Objectives: Nonfunctioning pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (NF-PitNETs) frequently present with mass effect and may recur despite successful surgical treatment. Long-term outcomes from homogeneous surgical cohorts remain limited. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients who underwent microscopic transsphenoidal surgery (mTSS) of NF-PitNETs by a single surgeon at a tertiary center between 2003 and 2025. Demographic, radiographic, pathological, surgical, and follow-up data were analyzed. The primary outcome was recurrence, defined as loss of tumor control requiring additional treatment. Recurrence-free survival (RFS) was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses. Results: A total of 381 patients were included with a median follow-up of 57 months. Median tumor size was 27 mm, and 98.5% were macroadenomas. Visual outcomes were available for 228 patients; 65.8% demonstrated postoperative improvement, while 4.8% worsened. Among 359 patients with available EOR data, GTR was achieved in 195 (54.3%), NTR in 89 (24.8%), and STR in 75 (20.9%). On multivariable logistic regression, Knosp grade >2 (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.50-5.63; p=0.002) and subtotal resection (STR) (OR 7.62, 95% CI 3.25-17.83; p<0.001) were independently associated with recurrence. Cox regression demonstrated STR as the sole independent predictor of reduced RFS (HR 2.82, 95% CI 1.64-4.90; p2 and, particularly, STR are the strongest predictors of recurrence. Persistent late recurrence risk supports prolonged postoperative MRI surveillance.

Purpose Postoperative visual decline after skull base tumor resection remains a serious and often irreversible complication. Herein, we investigated a structured Optic Nerve Protocol (ONP) designed to minimize ischemic injury and enhance visual recovery following skull base surgery. Methods A retrospective review was performed at a single tertiary center on patients undergoing tumor resection involving the optic apparatus. Patients were stratified into two groups: (i) underwent the ONP, which includes high-dose corticosteroids, mean arterial pressure (MAP) augmentation (> 90 mmHg), euvolemia or mild hypervolemia, and structured visual monitoring, (ii) did not. To assess delayed visual outcomes, the primary analysis included patients whose vision was unchanged between preoperative and immediate postoperative evaluations. Additionally, we reviewed patients who developed new postoperative visual deficits and responded to ONP with visual improvement. Results Among 37 patients reviewed, 17 received ONP and 20 did not. Of those with stable immediate postoperative vision (9 ONP; 11 non-ONP), visual improvement at follow-up was significantly more frequent in the ONP group (p = 0.0498). Patients receiving ONP were administered higher cumulative corticosteroid doses (p = 0.0330), whereas MAP augmentation did not differ significantly. In a subset of patients with newly acquired postoperative visual decline, two experienced a recovery following prompt ONP initiation. The protocol was safely implemented using standard intensive care resources without added procedural risk. Conclusion The ONP may facilitate delayed visual recovery and reversal of acute postoperative deficits after skull base tumor resection. Its safety, feasibility, and neuroprotective framework warrant validation in prospective multi-center studies to optimize visual outcomes.