This prospective study evaluated the performance of AI in a diagnostic clinic setting, comparing its effectiveness with radiologists of varying experience. The study was conducted at a single center and included 1063 patients undergoing diagnostic or screening mammography. Five radiologists with different experience levels assessed the images using the fifth edition of the BI-RADS lexicon. Standalone AI software assigned risk scores (0-100), with scores above 30.44 considered positive. AI risk assessments were compared with radiologists' BI-RADS scores. Radiologists also re-evaluated AI-positive mammograms as a second look. Ground truth was established through histopathology and two years of follow-up. Right and left breasts were analyzed separately, and 2126 mammography images were evaluated from 1063 women. A total of 29 cancers were diagnosed in 28 women. Among all examinations, 2.44% (52/2126) were positive, of which 46.15% (24/52) were true positive. Standalone AI detected 82.75% (24/29) of cancers, and the majority voting of radiologists scored positive (BI-RADS 0,4 and 5) in 8% (172/2126) where 89.65% (26/29) of cancers were detected. The AUC score of majority voting was 94.7% (95% CI: 91.1-98.3), and AI was 94.4% (95% CI: 88.5-100). AI was statistically not significantly different than (p=0.79) AUC of the majority voting. The re-evaluation assessment of AI-flagged images achieved an AUC of 94.8% (95% CI: 91.2-98.3), significantly different from the initial evaluation (p=0.015). However, it was not significantly different from AI (p=0.74). AI algorithms in diagnostic settings can serve as effective CAD systems, aiding in breast cancer detection and reducing inter-reader variability. The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

To compare the effectiveness of individual multiparametric prostate MRI (mpMRI) sequences-T2W, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-in assessing prostate cancer (PCa) index lesion volume using whole-mount pathology as the ground-truth; to assess the impact of an endorectal coil (ERC) on the measurements. We retrospectively enrolled 72 PCa patients who underwent 3T mpMRI with (n = 39) or without (n = 33) an ERC. A pathologist drew the index lesion borders on whole-mount pathology using planimetry (whole-mount_vol). A radiologist drew the borders of the index lesion on each mpMRI sequence-T2W_vol, DWI_vol, ADC_vol, and DCE_vol. Additionally, we calculated the maximum index lesion volume for each patient (maxMRI_vol). The correlation and differences between mpMRI and whole-mount pathology in measuring the index lesion volume and the impact of an ERC were investigated. The median T2W_vol, DWI_vol, ADC_vol, DCE_vol, and maxMRI_vol were 0.68 cm³, 0.97 cm³, 0.98 cm³, 0.82 cm³, and 1.13 cm³. There were good positive correlations between whole-mount_vol and mpMRI sequences. However, all mpMRI-derived volumes underestimated the median whole-mount_vol volume of 1.97 cm³ (P ≤ 0.001), with T2W_vol having the largest volumetric underestimation while DWI_vol and ADC_vol having the smallest. The mean relative index lesion volume underestimations of maxMRI_vol were 39.16% ± 32.58% and 7.65% ± 51.91% with and without an ERC (P = 0.002). T2W_vol, DWI_vol, ADC_vol, DCE_vol, and maxMRI_vol substantially underestimate PCa index lesion volume compared with whole-mount pathology, with T2W_vol having the largest volume underestimation. Additionally, using an ERC exacerbates the volume underestimation.

Renal parenchymal changes are seen in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and its disease diagnosis should be confirmed by renal biopsy, which is an invasive technique. Apparent-T1 mapping magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an established imaging technique that assesses subclinical tissue injury without using a contrast agent. To investigate the early stage subclinical renal changes without apparent renal dysfunction in patients with chronic HBV infection by renal apparent-T1 mapping MRI. A cross-sectional study. This study included 45 participants with normal kidney function, wherein 25 have biopsy-proven chronic HBV hepatitis and 20 are healthy individuals. Liver and kidney biochemical tests were performed within 1 month before the MRI scan, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate was calculated by diet modification in renal disease formula. Breath-hold, electrocardiogram-gated Modified Look-Locker Imaging sequence was acquired in the coronal plane without contrast agent administration. Apparent-T1 mapping value was measured by manually drawing a region of interest in six points for both kidneys by two observers. Apparent-T1 mapping values were compared between the two groups. The mean apparent-T1 mapping values of the kidneys were significantly higher in patients with chronic HBV infection compared to the control group (1445 ± 129 ms vs. 1306 ± 115 ms, P = 0.003). Inter-class correlation coefficient measurement analysis showed excellent agreement. Renal apparent-T1 mapping MRI may help show the early stage of renal parenchymal disease without apparent renal dysfunction in chronic HBV infection.

Background: Gastrointestinal vascular malformations are rare benign vascular neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract, with the rectosigmoid region being the most frequently involved site. Patients often manifest with recurrent, intermittent rectal bleeding, which might occasionally be life-threatening. Case presentation: A 39-year-old man with a history of hemorrhoid operations twice was presented to our gastroenterology department with blood in the stool and abdominal pain. After the colonoscopy, multiparametric MRI, and CT examinations, robotic low anterior resection was performed with the diagnosis of rectosigmoid venous malformation. The histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. Conclusion: Colonoscopy is the preferred method in diagnosing rectosigmoid vascular malformation, but wrong and delayed diagnoses are common. Thus, imaging modalities might add to colonoscopy in equivocal cases.

Introduction: L-2 hydroxyglutaric aciduria (L2HGA) is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disease, which presents with developmental delay, and macrocephaly. L2-HGA is characterized by an elevated level of 2 hydroxyglutaric acid (2-HGA), especially in the urine. The disease has characteristic findings on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) such as bilateral and symmetrical