This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Food and feed can be naturally contaminated by several mycotoxins, and concern about the hazard of exposure to mycotoxin mixtures is increasing. In this study, more than 800 metabolites were analyzed in 524 finished pig feed samples collected worldwide. Eighty-eight percent of the samples were co-contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) and other regulated/emerging mycotoxins. The Top 60 emerging/regulated mycotoxins co-occurring with DON in pig feed shows that 48%, 13%, 8% and 12% are produced by Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria species, respectively. Then, the individual and combined toxicity of DON and the 10 most prevalent emerging mycotoxins (brevianamide F, cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr), tryptophol, enniatins A1, B, B1, emodin, aurofusarin, beauvericin and apicidin) was measured at three ratios corresponding to pig feed contamination. Toxicity was assessed by measuring the viability of intestinal porcine epithelial cells, IPEC-1, at 48-h. BRV-F, Cyclo and TRPT did not alter cell viability. The other metabolites were ranked in the following order of toxicity: apicidin > enniatin A1 > DON > beauvericin > enniatin B > enniatin B1 > emodin > aurofusarin. In most of the mixtures, combined toxicity was similar to the toxicity of DON alone. In terms of pig health, these results demonstrate that the co-occurrence of emerging mycotoxins that we tested with DON does not exacerbate toxicity.
Abdullah Khan Khoshal; Barbara Novak; Pascal G. P. Martin; Timothy Jenkins; Manon Neves; Gerd Schatzmayr; Isabelle P. Oswald; Philippe Pinton. Co-Occurrence of DON and Emerging Mycotoxins in Worldwide Finished Pig Feed and Their Combined Toxicity in Intestinal Cells. Toxins 2019, 11, 727 .
AMA StyleAbdullah Khan Khoshal, Barbara Novak, Pascal G. P. Martin, Timothy Jenkins, Manon Neves, Gerd Schatzmayr, Isabelle P. Oswald, Philippe Pinton. Co-Occurrence of DON and Emerging Mycotoxins in Worldwide Finished Pig Feed and Their Combined Toxicity in Intestinal Cells. Toxins. 2019; 11 (12):727.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdullah Khan Khoshal; Barbara Novak; Pascal G. P. Martin; Timothy Jenkins; Manon Neves; Gerd Schatzmayr; Isabelle P. Oswald; Philippe Pinton. 2019. "Co-Occurrence of DON and Emerging Mycotoxins in Worldwide Finished Pig Feed and Their Combined Toxicity in Intestinal Cells." Toxins 11, no. 12: 727.
Type B trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most frequently occurring food contaminants. By inducing trans-activation of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the stability of their mRNA, trichothecene can impair intestinal health. Several yeast products, especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have the potential for improving the enteric health of piglets, but little is known about the mechanisms by which the administration of yeast counteracts the DON-induced intestinal alterations. Using a pig jejunum explant model, a whole-transcriptome analysis was performed to decipher the early response of the small intestine to the deleterious effects of DON after administration of S. cerevisiae boulardii strain CNCM I-1079. Compared to the control condition, no differentially expressed gene (DE) was observed after treatment by yeast only. By contrast, 3619 probes—corresponding to 2771 genes—were differentially expressed following exposure to DON, and 32 signaling pathways were identified from the IPA software functional analysis of the set of DE genes. When the intestinal explants were treated with S. cerevisiae boulardii prior to DON exposure, the number of DE genes decreased by half (1718 probes corresponding to 1384 genes). Prototypical inflammation signaling pathways triggered by DON, including NF-κB and p38 MAPK, were reversed, although the yeast demonstrated limited efficacy toward some other pathways. S. cerevisiae boulardii also restored the lipid metabolism signaling pathway, and reversed the down-regulation of the antioxidant action of vitamin C signaling pathway. The latter effect could reduce the burden of DON-induced oxidative stress. Altogether, the results show that S. cerevisiae boulardii reduces the DON-induced alteration of intestinal transcriptome, and point to new mechanisms for the healing of tissue injury by yeast.
Imourana Alassane-Kpembi; Philippe Pinton; Jean-François Hupé; Manon Neves; Yannick Lippi; Sylvie Combes; Mathieu Castex; Isabelle P. Oswald. Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii Reduces the Deoxynivalenol-Induced Alteration of the Intestinal Transcriptome. Toxins 2018, 10, 199 .
AMA StyleImourana Alassane-Kpembi, Philippe Pinton, Jean-François Hupé, Manon Neves, Yannick Lippi, Sylvie Combes, Mathieu Castex, Isabelle P. Oswald. Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii Reduces the Deoxynivalenol-Induced Alteration of the Intestinal Transcriptome. Toxins. 2018; 10 (5):199.
Chicago/Turabian StyleImourana Alassane-Kpembi; Philippe Pinton; Jean-François Hupé; Manon Neves; Yannick Lippi; Sylvie Combes; Mathieu Castex; Isabelle P. Oswald. 2018. "Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii Reduces the Deoxynivalenol-Induced Alteration of the Intestinal Transcriptome." Toxins 10, no. 5: 199.