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Ms. Barbara Novak
BIOMIN Holdings GmbH

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0 Cell Culture
0 Cytotoxicity
0 mycotoxin
0 Fusarium
0 Mycotoxins Health effects Food safety

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Fusarium
mycotoxin
Cytotoxicity

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Journal article
Published: 23 March 2021 in Toxins
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Sixty-four corn silages were characterized for chemicals, bacterial community, and concentrations of several fungal metabolites. Silages were grouped in five clusters, based on detected mycotoxins, and they were characterized for being contaminated by (1) low levels of Aspergillus- and Penicillium-mycotoxins; (2) low levels of fumonisins and other Fusarium-mycotoxins; (3) high levels of Aspergillus-mycotoxins; (4) high levels of non-regulated Fusarium-mycotoxins; (5) high levels of fumonisins and their metabolites. Altersetin was detected in clusters 1, 3, and 5. Rugulusovin or brevianamide F were detected in several samples, with the highest concentration in cluster 3. Emodin was detected in more than 50.0% of samples of clusters 1, 3 and 5, respectively. Kojic acid occurred mainly in clusters 1 and 2 at very low concentrations. Regarding Fusarium mycotoxins, high occurrences were observed for FB3, FB4, FA1, whereas the average concentrations of FB6 and FA2 were lower than 12.4 µg/kg dry matter. Emerging Fusarium-produced mycotoxins, such as siccanol, moniliformin, equisetin, epiequisetin and bikaverin were detected in the majority of analyzed corn silages. Pestalotin, oxaline, phenopirrozin and questiomycin A were detected at high incidences. Concluding, this work highlighted that corn silages could be contaminated by a high number of regulated and emerging mycotoxins.

ACS Style

Antonio Gallo; Francesca Ghilardelli; Alberto Atzori; Severino Zara; Barbara Novak; Johannes Faas; Francesco Fancello. Co-Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Corn Silage: Relationships with Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Communities. Toxins 2021, 13, 232 .

AMA Style

Antonio Gallo, Francesca Ghilardelli, Alberto Atzori, Severino Zara, Barbara Novak, Johannes Faas, Francesco Fancello. Co-Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Corn Silage: Relationships with Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Communities. Toxins. 2021; 13 (3):232.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Gallo; Francesca Ghilardelli; Alberto Atzori; Severino Zara; Barbara Novak; Johannes Faas; Francesco Fancello. 2021. "Co-Occurrence of Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Corn Silage: Relationships with Fermentation Quality and Bacterial Communities." Toxins 13, no. 3: 232.

Journal article
Published: 21 June 2020 in Toxins
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The toxicokinetics (TK) of hydrolyzed fumonisin B1 (HFB1) were evaluated in 16 broiler chickens after being fed either a control or a fumonisins-contaminated diet (10.8 mg fumonisin B1, 3.3 mg B2 and 1.5 mg B3/kg feed) for two weeks, followed by a single oral (PO) or intravenous (IV) dose of 1.25 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) of HFB1. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), its partially hydrolyzed metabolites pHFB1a and pHFB1b, and fully hydrolyzed metabolite HFB1, were determined in chicken plasma using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. None of the broiler chicken showed clinical symptoms of fumonisins (FBs) or HFB1 toxicity during the trial, nor was an aberration in body weight observed between the animals fed the FBs-contaminated diet and those fed the control diet. HFB1 was shown to follow a two-compartmental pharmacokinetic model with first order elimination in broiler chickens after IV administration. Toxicokinetic parameters of HFB1 demonstrated a total body clearance of 16.39 L/kg·h and an intercompartmental flow of 8.34 L/kg·h. Low levels of FB1 and traces of pHFB1b were found in plasma of chickens fed the FBs-contaminated diet. Due to plasma concentrations being under the limit of quantification (LOQ) after oral administration of HFB1, no toxicokinetic modelling could be performed in broiler chickens after oral administration of HFB1. Moreover, no phase II metabolites, nor N-acyl-metabolites of HFB1 could be detected in this study.

ACS Style

Gunther Antonissen; Siegrid De Baere; Barbara Novak; Dian Schatzmayr; Danica Den Hollander; Mathias Devreese; Siska Croubels. Toxicokinetics of Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 after Single Oral or Intravenous Bolus to Broiler Chickens Fed a Control or a Fumonisins-Contaminated Diet. Toxins 2020, 12, 413 .

AMA Style

Gunther Antonissen, Siegrid De Baere, Barbara Novak, Dian Schatzmayr, Danica Den Hollander, Mathias Devreese, Siska Croubels. Toxicokinetics of Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 after Single Oral or Intravenous Bolus to Broiler Chickens Fed a Control or a Fumonisins-Contaminated Diet. Toxins. 2020; 12 (6):413.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gunther Antonissen; Siegrid De Baere; Barbara Novak; Dian Schatzmayr; Danica Den Hollander; Mathias Devreese; Siska Croubels. 2020. "Toxicokinetics of Hydrolyzed Fumonisin B1 after Single Oral or Intravenous Bolus to Broiler Chickens Fed a Control or a Fumonisins-Contaminated Diet." Toxins 12, no. 6: 413.

Conference paper
Published: 20 December 2019 in 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP
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Digestarom® DC Power is a new generation phytogenic feed additive. It contains the BIOMIN® Duplex capsule technology, which combines mixtures of essential oils matrix-encapsulated in a core and coat surrounded by extracts and herbs. This enables a slow and continuous release of ingredients along the digestive system to enhance gut health and the performance of pigs. In our study, we separated 240 pigs (LW x LR X PI) at the age of 9 - 10 weeks in two different groups in 24 pens. For the following period of 14 weeks, control group was fed a basal diet and treatment group was fed a basal diet supplemented with Digestarom® DC Power (100 g/t). The study was carried out in IFIP- National Experimental Station, France. The final body weight and the average daily gain were numerically increased in the Digestarom® group. In addition, the feed conversion rate (FCR) was numerically decreased in the treatment group. The fat and lean content of the carcass of one pig per pen (24 pigs in total, 12 per group) was determined by CT scan. The lean content in Digestarom® DC Power fed pigs was increased by 3.6% (p<0.1), whereas the fat content was decreased by 8.7% (p<0.1). Thus, Digestarom® DC Power results in an optimized FCR and a better weight performance numerically, but with no statistical significance. Furthermore, pig fed the feed additive showed an increase of lean content and a reduction of fat content. Those facts promise a higher economic benefit.

ACS Style

B Novak; V Ocelova; S Stelzhammer; T Weiland; F Waxenecker. Effects of a phytogenic feed additive in growing-finishing pigs. 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP 2019, 85, P-V-12 .

AMA Style

B Novak, V Ocelova, S Stelzhammer, T Weiland, F Waxenecker. Effects of a phytogenic feed additive in growing-finishing pigs. 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP. 2019; 85 (18):P-V-12.

Chicago/Turabian Style

B Novak; V Ocelova; S Stelzhammer; T Weiland; F Waxenecker. 2019. "Effects of a phytogenic feed additive in growing-finishing pigs." 67th International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research (GA) in cooperation with the French Society of Pharmacognosy AFERP 85, no. 18: P-V-12.

Journal article
Published: 11 December 2019 in Toxins
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Food and feed can be naturally contaminated by several mycotoxins, and concern about the hazard of exposure to mycotoxin mixtures is increasing. In this study, more than 800 metabolites were analyzed in 524 finished pig feed samples collected worldwide. Eighty-eight percent of the samples were co-contaminated with deoxynivalenol (DON) and other regulated/emerging mycotoxins. The Top 60 emerging/regulated mycotoxins co-occurring with DON in pig feed shows that 48%, 13%, 8% and 12% are produced by Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Alternaria species, respectively. Then, the individual and combined toxicity of DON and the 10 most prevalent emerging mycotoxins (brevianamide F, cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr), tryptophol, enniatins A1, B, B1, emodin, aurofusarin, beauvericin and apicidin) was measured at three ratios corresponding to pig feed contamination. Toxicity was assessed by measuring the viability of intestinal porcine epithelial cells, IPEC-1, at 48-h. BRV-F, Cyclo and TRPT did not alter cell viability. The other metabolites were ranked in the following order of toxicity: apicidin > enniatin A1 > DON > beauvericin > enniatin B > enniatin B1 > emodin > aurofusarin. In most of the mixtures, combined toxicity was similar to the toxicity of DON alone. In terms of pig health, these results demonstrate that the co-occurrence of emerging mycotoxins that we tested with DON does not exacerbate toxicity.

ACS Style

Abdullah Khan Khoshal; Barbara Novak; Pascal G. P. Martin; Timothy Jenkins; Manon Neves; Gerd Schatzmayr; Isabelle P. Oswald; Philippe Pinton. Co-Occurrence of DON and Emerging Mycotoxins in Worldwide Finished Pig Feed and Their Combined Toxicity in Intestinal Cells. Toxins 2019, 11, 727 .

AMA Style

Abdullah Khan Khoshal, Barbara Novak, Pascal G. P. Martin, Timothy Jenkins, Manon Neves, Gerd Schatzmayr, Isabelle P. Oswald, Philippe Pinton. Co-Occurrence of DON and Emerging Mycotoxins in Worldwide Finished Pig Feed and Their Combined Toxicity in Intestinal Cells. Toxins. 2019; 11 (12):727.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Abdullah Khan Khoshal; Barbara Novak; Pascal G. P. Martin; Timothy Jenkins; Manon Neves; Gerd Schatzmayr; Isabelle P. Oswald; Philippe Pinton. 2019. "Co-Occurrence of DON and Emerging Mycotoxins in Worldwide Finished Pig Feed and Their Combined Toxicity in Intestinal Cells." Toxins 11, no. 12: 727.

Journal article
Published: 14 September 2019 in Toxins
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Feed samples are frequently contaminated by a wide range of chemically diverse natural products, which can be determined using highly sensitive analytical techniques. Next to already well-investigated mycotoxins, unknown or unregulated fungal secondary metabolites have also been found, some of which at significant concentrations. In our study, 1141 pig feed samples were analyzed for more than 800 secondary fungal metabolites using the same LC-MS/MS method and ranked according to their prevalence. Effects on the viability of the 28 most relevant were tested on an intestinal porcine epithelial cell line (IPEC-J2). The most frequently occurring compounds were determined as being cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Tyr), moniliformin, and enniatin B, followed by enniatin B1, aurofusarin, culmorin, and enniatin A1. The main mycotoxins, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone, were found only at ranks 8 and 10. Regarding cytotoxicity, apicidin, gliotoxin, bikaverin, and beauvericin led to lower IC50 values, between 0.52 and 2.43 µM, compared to deoxynivalenol (IC50 = 2.55 µM). Significant cytotoxic effects were also seen for the group of enniatins, which occurred in up to 82.2% of the feed samples. Our study gives an overall insight into the amount of fungal secondary metabolites found in pig feed samples compared to their cytotoxic effects in vitro.

ACS Style

Barbara Novak; Valentina Rainer; Michael Sulyok; Dietmar Haltrich; Gerd Schatzmayr; Elisabeth Mayer. Twenty-Eight Fungal Secondary Metabolites Detected in Pig Feed Samples: Their Occurrence, Relevance and Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro. Toxins 2019, 11, 537 .

AMA Style

Barbara Novak, Valentina Rainer, Michael Sulyok, Dietmar Haltrich, Gerd Schatzmayr, Elisabeth Mayer. Twenty-Eight Fungal Secondary Metabolites Detected in Pig Feed Samples: Their Occurrence, Relevance and Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro. Toxins. 2019; 11 (9):537.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara Novak; Valentina Rainer; Michael Sulyok; Dietmar Haltrich; Gerd Schatzmayr; Elisabeth Mayer. 2019. "Twenty-Eight Fungal Secondary Metabolites Detected in Pig Feed Samples: Their Occurrence, Relevance and Cytotoxic Effects In Vitro." Toxins 11, no. 9: 537.

Journal article
Published: 20 August 2019 in Toxins
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Zearalenone (ZEN)-degrading enzymes are a promising strategy to counteract the negative effects of this mycotoxin in livestock. The reaction products of such enzymes need to be thoroughly characterized before technological application as a feed additive can be envisaged. Here, we evaluated the estrogenic activity of the metabolites hydrolyzed zearalenone (HZEN) and decarboxylated hydrolyzed zearalenone (DHZEN) formed by hydrolysis of ZEN by the zearalenone-lactonase Zhd101p. ZEN, HZEN, and DHZEN were tested in two in vitro models, the MCF-7 cell proliferation assay (0.01-500 nM) and an estrogen-sensitive yeast bioassay (1-10,000 nM). In addition, we compared the impact of dietary ZEN (4.58 mg/kg) and equimolar dietary concentrations of HZEN and DHZEN on reproductive tract morphology as well as uterine mRNA and microRNA expression in female piglets (n = 6, four weeks exposure). While ZEN increased cell proliferation and reporter gene transcription, neither HZEN nor DHZEN elicited an estrogenic response, suggesting that these metabolites are at least 50-10,000 times less estrogenic than ZEN in vitro. In piglets, HZEN and DHZEN did not increase vulva size or uterus weight. Moreover, RNA transcripts altered upon ZEN treatment (EBAG9, miR-135a-5p, miR-187-3p and miR-204-5p) were unaffected by HZEN and DHZEN. Our study shows that both metabolites exhibit markedly reduced estrogenicity in vitro and in vivo, and thus provides an important basis for further evaluation of ZEN-degrading enzymes.

ACS Style

Sebastian Fruhauf; Barbara Novak; Veronika Nagl; Matthias Hackl; Doris Hartinger; Valentina Rainer; Silvia Labudová; Gerhard Adam; Markus Aleschko; Wulf-Dieter Moll; Michaela Thamhesl; Bertrand Grenier. Biotransformation of the Mycotoxin Zearalenone to its Metabolites Hydrolyzed Zearalenone (HZEN) and Decarboxylated Hydrolyzed Zearalenone (DHZEN) Diminishes its Estrogenicity In Vitro and In Vivo. Toxins 2019, 11, 481 .

AMA Style

Sebastian Fruhauf, Barbara Novak, Veronika Nagl, Matthias Hackl, Doris Hartinger, Valentina Rainer, Silvia Labudová, Gerhard Adam, Markus Aleschko, Wulf-Dieter Moll, Michaela Thamhesl, Bertrand Grenier. Biotransformation of the Mycotoxin Zearalenone to its Metabolites Hydrolyzed Zearalenone (HZEN) and Decarboxylated Hydrolyzed Zearalenone (DHZEN) Diminishes its Estrogenicity In Vitro and In Vivo. Toxins. 2019; 11 (8):481.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sebastian Fruhauf; Barbara Novak; Veronika Nagl; Matthias Hackl; Doris Hartinger; Valentina Rainer; Silvia Labudová; Gerhard Adam; Markus Aleschko; Wulf-Dieter Moll; Michaela Thamhesl; Bertrand Grenier. 2019. "Biotransformation of the Mycotoxin Zearalenone to its Metabolites Hydrolyzed Zearalenone (HZEN) and Decarboxylated Hydrolyzed Zearalenone (DHZEN) Diminishes its Estrogenicity In Vitro and In Vivo." Toxins 11, no. 8: 481.

Biologics
Published: 02 May 2019 in Archives of Toxicology
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Glucuronidation is a major phase II conjugation pathway in mammals, playing an important role in the detoxification and biotransformation of xenobiotics including mycotoxins such as deoxynivalenol (DON). Culmorin (CUL), a potentially co-occurring Fusarium metabolite, was recently found to inhibit the corresponding detoxification reaction in plants, namely DON-glucoside formation, raising the question whether CUL might affect also the mammalian counterpart. Using cell-free conditions, CUL when present equimolar (67 µM) or in fivefold excess, suppressed DON glucuronidation by human liver microsomes, reducing the formation of DON-15-glucuronide by 15 and 50%, and DON-3-glucuronide by 30 and 50%, respectively. Substantial inhibitory effects on DON glucuronidation up to 100% were found using the human recombinant uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) 2B4 and 2B7, applying a tenfold excess of CUL (100 µM). In addition, we observed the formation of a novel metabolite of CUL, CUL-11-glucuronide, identified for the first time in vitro as well as in vivo in piglet and human urine samples. Despite the observed potency of CUL to inhibit glucuronidation, no significant synergistic toxicity on cell viability was observed in combinations of CUL (0.1–100 µM) and DON (0.01–10 µM) in HT-29 and HepG2 cells, presumably reflecting the limited capacity of the tested cell lines for DON glucuronidation. However, in humans, glucuronidation is known to represent the main detoxification pathway for DON. The present results, including the identification of CUL-11-glucuronide in urine samples of piglets and humans, underline the necessity of further studies on the relevance of CUL as a potentially co-occurring modulator of DON toxicokinetics in vivo.

ACS Style

Lydia Woelflingseder; Benedikt Warth; Immina Vierheilig; Heidi Schwartz-Zimmermann; Christian Hametner; Veronika Nagl; Barbara Novak; Bojan Šarkanj; Franz Berthiller; Gerhard Adam; Doris Marko. The Fusarium metabolite culmorin suppresses the in vitro glucuronidation of deoxynivalenol. Archives of Toxicology 2019, 93, 1729 -1743.

AMA Style

Lydia Woelflingseder, Benedikt Warth, Immina Vierheilig, Heidi Schwartz-Zimmermann, Christian Hametner, Veronika Nagl, Barbara Novak, Bojan Šarkanj, Franz Berthiller, Gerhard Adam, Doris Marko. The Fusarium metabolite culmorin suppresses the in vitro glucuronidation of deoxynivalenol. Archives of Toxicology. 2019; 93 (6):1729-1743.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lydia Woelflingseder; Benedikt Warth; Immina Vierheilig; Heidi Schwartz-Zimmermann; Christian Hametner; Veronika Nagl; Barbara Novak; Bojan Šarkanj; Franz Berthiller; Gerhard Adam; Doris Marko. 2019. "The Fusarium metabolite culmorin suppresses the in vitro glucuronidation of deoxynivalenol." Archives of Toxicology 93, no. 6: 1729-1743.

Comparative study
Published: 11 April 2018 in Toxins
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Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins, contaminating cereals and cereal-derived products. Its derivative deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) is produced by certain bacteria, which either occur naturally or are supplemented in feed additive. DON-induced impairments in protein synthesis are particularly problematic for highly proliferating immune cells. This study provides the first comparison of the effects of DON and DOM-1 on the concanavalin A-induced proliferation of porcine, chicken, and bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Therefore, isolated PBMCs were treated with DON (0.01–3.37 µM) and DOM-1 (1.39–357 µM) separately, and proliferation was measured using a bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. Although pigs are considered highly sensitive to DON, the present study revealed a substantially higher sensitivity of bovine (IC50 = 0.314 µM) PBMCs compared to chicken (IC50 = 0.691 µM) and porcine (IC50 = 0.693 µM) PBMCs. Analyses on the proliferation of bovine T-cell subsets showed that all major subsets, namely, CD4+, CD8β+, and γδ T cells, were affected to a similar extent. In contrast, DOM-1 did not affect bovine PBMCs, but reduced the proliferation of chicken and porcine PBMCs at the highest tested concentration (357 µM). Results confirm the necessity of feed additives containing DON-to-DOM-1-transforming bacteria and highlights species-specific differences in the DON sensitivity of immune cells.

ACS Style

Barbara Novak; Eleni Vatzia; Alexandra Springler; Alix Pierron; Wilhelm Gerner; Nicole Reisinger; Sabine Hessenberger; Gerd Schatzmayr; Elisabeth Mayer. Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Are More Sensitive to Deoxynivalenol Than Those Derived from Poultry and Swine. Toxins 2018, 10, 152 .

AMA Style

Barbara Novak, Eleni Vatzia, Alexandra Springler, Alix Pierron, Wilhelm Gerner, Nicole Reisinger, Sabine Hessenberger, Gerd Schatzmayr, Elisabeth Mayer. Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Are More Sensitive to Deoxynivalenol Than Those Derived from Poultry and Swine. Toxins. 2018; 10 (4):152.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Barbara Novak; Eleni Vatzia; Alexandra Springler; Alix Pierron; Wilhelm Gerner; Nicole Reisinger; Sabine Hessenberger; Gerd Schatzmayr; Elisabeth Mayer. 2018. "Bovine Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Are More Sensitive to Deoxynivalenol Than Those Derived from Poultry and Swine." Toxins 10, no. 4: 152.

Journal article
Published: 31 January 2018 in Toxins
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A sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of Fumonisin B1 (FB1), its partially hydrolysed metabolites pHFB1a+b and hydrolysed metabolite HFB1, and Fumonisin B2 (FB2) in broiler chicken plasma using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed. The sample preparation was rapid, straightforward and consisted of a deproteinization and phospholipid removal step using an Oasis® OstroTM 96-well plate. Chromatography was performed on an Acquity HSS-T3 column, using 0.3% formic acid and 10 mM ammonium formate in water, and acetonitrile as mobile phases. The MS/MS instrument was operated in the positive electrospray ionization mode and the two multiple reaction monitoring transitions were monitored for each component for quantification and identification, respectively. The method was validated in-house: matrix-matched calibration graphs were prepared and good linearity (r ≥ 0.99) was achieved over the concentration ranges tested (1–500 ng/mL for FB1 and FB2; 0.86–860 ng/mL for pHFB1a; 0.72–1430 ng/mL for pHFB1b and 2.5–2500 ng/mL for HFB1). Limits of quantification (LOQ) and detection (LOD) in plasma ranged between 0.72 to 2.5 ng/mL and 0.03 to 0.17 ng/mL, respectively. The results for the within-day and between-day precision and accuracy fell within the specified ranges. Moreover, the method was transferred to an UPLC high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS) instrument in order to determine potential metabolites of HFB1, such as N-acyl-HFB1s and phase II metabolites. The method has been successfully applied to investigate the toxicokinetics and biotransformation of HFB1 in broiler chickens.

ACS Style

Siegrid De Baere; Siska Croubels; Barbara Novak; Gerlinde Bichl; Gunther Antonissen. Development and Validation of a UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-HR-MS Method for the Determination of Fumonisin B1 and Its Hydrolysed Metabolites and Fumonisin B2 in Broiler Chicken Plasma. Toxins 2018, 10, 62 .

AMA Style

Siegrid De Baere, Siska Croubels, Barbara Novak, Gerlinde Bichl, Gunther Antonissen. Development and Validation of a UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-HR-MS Method for the Determination of Fumonisin B1 and Its Hydrolysed Metabolites and Fumonisin B2 in Broiler Chicken Plasma. Toxins. 2018; 10 (2):62.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siegrid De Baere; Siska Croubels; Barbara Novak; Gerlinde Bichl; Gunther Antonissen. 2018. "Development and Validation of a UPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-HR-MS Method for the Determination of Fumonisin B1 and Its Hydrolysed Metabolites and Fumonisin B2 in Broiler Chicken Plasma." Toxins 10, no. 2: 62.

Journal article
Published: 19 November 2016 in Toxins
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The human, animal and plant pathogen Fusarium, which contaminates agricultural commodities worldwide, produces numerous secondary metabolites. An example is the thoroughly-investigated deoxynivalenol (DON), which severely impairs gastrointestinal barrier integrity. However, to date, the toxicological profile of other Fusarium-derived metabolites, such as enniatins, beauvericin, moniliformin, apicidin, aurofusarin, rubrofusarin, equisetin and bikaverin, are poorly characterized. Thus we examined their effects—as metabolites alone and as metabolites in combination with DON—on the intestinal barrier function of differentiated intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2) over 72 h. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured at 24-h intervals, followed by evaluation of cell viability using neutral red (NR) assay. Enniatins A, A1, B and B1, apicidin, aurofusarin and beauvericin significantly reduced TEER. Moniliformin, equisetin, bikaverin and rubrofusarin had no effect on TEER. In the case of apicidin, aurofusarin and beauvericin, TEER reductions were further substantiated by the addition of otherwise no-effect DON concentrations. In all cases, viability was unaffected, confirming that TEER reductions were not due to compromised viability. Considering the prevalence of mycotoxin contamination and the diseases associated with intestinal barrier disruption, consumption of contaminated food or feed may have substantial health implications.

ACS Style

Alexandra Springler; Galina-Jacqueline Vrubel; Elisabeth Mayer; Gerd Schatzmayr; Barbara Novak. Effect of Fusarium-Derived Metabolites on the Barrier Integrity of Differentiated Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells (IPEC-J2). Toxins 2016, 8, 345 .

AMA Style

Alexandra Springler, Galina-Jacqueline Vrubel, Elisabeth Mayer, Gerd Schatzmayr, Barbara Novak. Effect of Fusarium-Derived Metabolites on the Barrier Integrity of Differentiated Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells (IPEC-J2). Toxins. 2016; 8 (11):345.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Alexandra Springler; Galina-Jacqueline Vrubel; Elisabeth Mayer; Gerd Schatzmayr; Barbara Novak. 2016. "Effect of Fusarium-Derived Metabolites on the Barrier Integrity of Differentiated Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells (IPEC-J2)." Toxins 8, no. 11: 345.

Journal article
Published: 23 September 2015 in Veterinary Research
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Fumonisins (FBs) are mycotoxins produced by Fusarium fungi. This study aimed to investigate the effect of these feed contaminants on the intestinal morphology and microbiota composition, and to evaluate whether FBs predispose broilers to necrotic enteritis. One-day-old broiler chicks were divided into a group fed a control diet, and a group fed a FBs contaminated diet (18.6 mg FB1+FB2/kg feed). A significant increase in the plasma sphinganine/sphingosine ratio in the FBs-treated group (0.21 ± 0.016) compared to the control (0.14 ± 0.014) indicated disturbance of the sphingolipid biosynthesis. Furthermore, villus height and crypt depth of the ileum was significantly reduced by FBs. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis showed a shift in the microbiota composition in the ileum in the FBs group compared to the control. A reduced presence of low-GC containing operational taxonomic units in ileal digesta of birds exposed to FBs was demonstrated, and identified as a reduced abundance of Candidatus Savagella and Lactobaccilus spp. Quantification of total Clostridium perfringens in these ileal samples, previous to experimental infection, using cpa gene (alpha toxin) quantification by qPCR showed an increase in C. perfringens in chickens fed a FBs contaminated diet compared to control (7.5 ± 0.30 versus 6.3 ± 0.24 log10 copies/g intestinal content). After C. perfringens challenge, a higher percentage of birds developed subclinical necrotic enteritis in the group fed a FBs contaminated diet as compared to the control (44.9 ± 2.22% versus 29.8 ± 5.46%).

ACS Style

Gunther Antonissen; Siska Croubels; Frank Pasmans; Richard Ducatelle; Venessa Eeckhaut; Mathias Devreese; Marc Verlinden; Freddy Haesebrouck; Mia Eeckhout; Sarah De Saeger; Birgit Antlinger; Barbara Novak; An Martel; Filip Van Immerseel. Fumonisins affect the intestinal microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens, predisposing to necrotic enteritis. Veterinary Research 2015, 46, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Gunther Antonissen, Siska Croubels, Frank Pasmans, Richard Ducatelle, Venessa Eeckhaut, Mathias Devreese, Marc Verlinden, Freddy Haesebrouck, Mia Eeckhout, Sarah De Saeger, Birgit Antlinger, Barbara Novak, An Martel, Filip Van Immerseel. Fumonisins affect the intestinal microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens, predisposing to necrotic enteritis. Veterinary Research. 2015; 46 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gunther Antonissen; Siska Croubels; Frank Pasmans; Richard Ducatelle; Venessa Eeckhaut; Mathias Devreese; Marc Verlinden; Freddy Haesebrouck; Mia Eeckhout; Sarah De Saeger; Birgit Antlinger; Barbara Novak; An Martel; Filip Van Immerseel. 2015. "Fumonisins affect the intestinal microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens, predisposing to necrotic enteritis." Veterinary Research 46, no. 1: 1-11.