Background/Objectives: this study evaluated the differential effects of two distinct dietary nucleotide supplements, combined with spontaneous physical activity, on neuromuscular, cognitive, and metabolic adaptations in older adults. Methods: Sixty-nine physically independent older adults (aged 60–75 years) were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) a yeast nucleotides formulation (YN) standardized in a high content of free nucleotides (>40%) rich in all macro and micro nutrients naturally occurring in yeast cell (amino acids, minerals and B-group vitamin); (2) a neuro-based formulation (NF) consisting of a blend of monophosphate nucleotides 5′; or (3) a placebo. Participants maintained their spontaneous physical activities without structured exercise during a 10-week intervention. Assessments included physical function, cognitive performance, body composition, quality of life, and serum biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurogenesis. Results: Both nucleotide-supplemented groups demonstrated significant improvements compared to placebo in physical performance (p ≤ 0.045), cognitive function (Trail Making Test B [TMT-B]: p ≤ 0.012), oxidative stress biomarkers (p ≤ 0.048), inflammatory cytokines (p ≤ 0.023), and quality-of-life parameters (p ≤ 0.047). Body composition remained stable in supplemented groups, whereas placebo increased fat mass (5.04%) and decreased muscle mass (−2.18%). Conclusions: Dietary nucleotide supplementation enhances the benefits of spontaneous physical activity across all measured variables in older adults, highlighting nucleotides as promising nutritional support for healthy aging. YN exhibited a trend toward greater inflammatory modulation, whereas NF showed a tendency toward enhanced neurotrophic effects and functional improvements, with a statistically significant improvement in the Timed Up and Go Test (p = 0.014). These findings underscore the potential for tailored nucleotide-based interventions to optimize distinct physiological domains in aging populations.

Background/Objectives: This study compared the effects of high-resistance training (RT) programs, with or without curcumin supplementation, on variables commonly associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), including body composition, blood pressure, and metabolic parameters. Methods: Eighty-one older adults at risk of MetS (BMI > 25 kg/m², fat mass > 32%, and systolic blood pressure > 130 mmHg in half of the participants) were randomly assigned to six groups, which were comprised as follows: four experimental groups involving either accentuated eccentric or maximal strength RT with curcumin or placebo and two control groups receiving either curcumin or placebo. Experimental groups completed a 16-week full-body RT with elastic bands, while controls did not exercise. Results: The results showed that (I) all experimental protocols significantly reduced fat mass (p ≤ 0.001), with the maximal strength RT group supplemented with curcumin (Max-Cur) showing the greatest reduction, at 14.3%; (II) muscle gains were significant and comparable across experimental groups (p ≤ 0.008); (III) both systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased similarly across experimental groups (p ≤ 0.001); (IV) metabolic parameters significantly improved across experimental groups (p ≤ 0.037), except for creatinine, which showed an undesirable peak only in the Max-Cur group; (V) curcumin supplementation enhanced the effects of both RT programs; and (VI) between 54% and 100% of participants achieved clinically meaningful improvements in seven out of ten MetS-related variables across experimental groups. Conclusions: Our findings indicate that high-RT programs combined with curcumin supplementation positively impacted all MetS-related variables. The Max-Cur RT group stood out as the most beneficial, with the greatest fat mass reductions, highlighting this approach as a promising strategy to reduce the risk of MetS in older adults.

Background: The timing of perceived exertion assessment within a resistance training set may influence physiological adaptation; this study aimed to directly compare first-repetition (RPE-1) and last-repetition (RPE-last) monitoring strategies applied to functional, neuromuscular, body composition, and cardiometabolic adaptations during elastic band resistance training in older adults. Methods: Forty sedentary older adults (n = twenty per group, sex-balanced) were randomly assigned to RPE-1 or RPE-last using the OMNI-RES elastic band scale during a 16-week, open-label high-intensity elastic band resistance training program, with blinded outcome assessment and data analysis; three withdrew during the intervention (RPE-1, n = 2; RPE-last, n = 1), and all forty randomized participants were retained in the intention-to-treat analysis via baseline carry-forward. Functional capacity, isokinetic knee and elbow strength (60 and 180°/s), DXA-assessed body composition, and fasting cardiometabolic biomarkers were evaluated pre- and post-intervention. Between-group effects were analyzed using ANCOVA with Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate (FDR) correction, whereas functional equivalence was assessed using Welch-corrected two one-sided tests (TOST) with percentile bootstrap against published minimum clinically important difference (MCID) margins. Results: Both groups improved significantly across most outcomes. For the primary outcomes, RPE-1 was associated with greater improvements across all eight isokinetic strength conditions after FDR correction, with adjusted between-group differences ranging from +7.86 to +18.38 Nm in favor of RPE-1, and all 95% CIs excluding zero (ηp² = 0.14–0.37). The Welch-corrected TOST demonstrated functional equivalence between monitoring strategies for all four functional outcomes in the primary intention-to-treat analysis. However, the pre-specified complete-case sensitivity did not confirm equivalence in the 30-Second Chair Stand Test, indicating that this outcome was sensitive to the handling of missing data. Among secondary exploratory outcomes, RPE-1 also was associated with greater improvements in DXA-assessed fat mass (adjusted difference—−1.33 kg; 95% CI—−2.02 to −0.63; ηp² = 0.29) and lean mass (+0.42 kg; 95% CI—0.02 to 0.83; ηp² = 0.11), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (+5.11 mg/dL; 95% CI—1.52 to 8.69; ηp² = 0.18), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−16.99 mg/dL; 95% CI—−23.22 to −10.76; ηp² = 0.45). Conclusion: RPE-1 appeared to confer greater benefits for maximizing neuromuscular strength, whereas RPE-last provides an equally valid alternative when preserving physical independence is the primary objective.