The phenotypic characteristics of existing domestic pigs (DPs) greatly differ from those of wild boar (WB) populations thousands of years ago. After thousands of years of human domestication, WB and DP have diverged greatly in terms of genetics. Theoretically, worldwide local pigs have independent contributions from their local WBs at the beginning of Sus scrofa domestication. The investigation of the vicissitude of the heredity material between domestic populations and their wild ancestors will help in further understanding the domestication history of domestic animals. In the present study, we performed a genome-wide association scan (GWSA) and phylogeny estimation with a total of 1098 public European Illumina 60K single nucleotide polymorphism data, which included 650 local DPs and 448 WBs. The results revealed that the phylogenetic relationship of WBs corresponds to their geographical distribution and carries large divergence with DPs, and all WB breeds (e.g., HRWB, SBWB, and TIWB) presents a closely linkage with the middle WB (e.g., HRWB, and PLWB). In addition, 64 selected candidate genes (e.g., IDH2, PIP5K1B, SMARCA2, KIF5C, and TJP2) were identified from GWSA. A total of 63 known multiple biological functional pathways were annotated by 22 genes, and ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis pathways that belong to the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were significantly enriched (p < 0.05). The most frequent (28.57%) pathways were classified under metabolism. We confirmed that the middle European WB has made an important genetic contribution to the entire European WB populations. A series of selected genes discovered from this study provides the scientific community with a deeper understanding of the heredity performance of metabolism and emotion and the real purpose behind domestication.

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is essential for neonatal thermogenesis and early-life metabolic adaptation. In goat neonates, BAT is primarily concentrated in the perirenal region and rapidly regresses during the first month after birth, yet the cellular and molecular programs driving this transition remain poorly defined. In the present study, a comprehensive single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas of perirenal adipose tissue was generated from 54 638 high-quality nuclei collected at postnatal days 0, 7, and 14. This resource resolved six transcriptionally distinct perirenal adipose cell populations and revealed pronounced developmental remodeling after birth. Adipocyte progenitors exhibited strong secretory signatures, indicating potential involvement of secretory programs in early postnatal adipose remodeling. Across early postnatal development, perirenal adipose tissue showed coordinated transcriptional remodeling in lipid and fatty acid metabolism, accompanied by marked changes in AMPK and PPAR signaling, indicating a progressive shift from a thermogenesis-associated program toward lipid storage. This transition was accompanied by expansion of adipocyte subpopulations associated with fat deposition and reduction of populations linked to thermogenic function. By postnatal day 14, perirenal adipose tissue had undergone a marked transition from a brown adipose phenotype toward a white-like adipose state. These findings provide insights into the early postnatal cellular trajectory of goat BAT and its role in neonatal thermogenesis and adipose tissue remodeling.