This paper investigates a method for the multi-threshold segmentation of grayscale imaging using the local minimum points of a histogram curve as the segmentation threshold. By smoothing the histogram curve and judging the conditions, the expected peaks and valleys are identified, and the corresponding minimum points are used as segmentation thresholds to achieve fast multi-threshold image segmentation. Compared to the OTSU method (maximum between-class variance) for multi-threshold segmentation and the region growing method, this method has less computational complexity. In the recognition and segmentation process of solder pads with adhesion of underfill in LED Chips, the segmentation time is less than one percent of that of the OTSU method and the region growing method. The segmentation effect is better than the OTSU method and the region growing method, and it can achieve fast multi-threshold segmentation of images. Moreover, it has strong adaptability to the differences in the overall grayscale of images, meeting the requirements for high UPH (Units Per Hour) in industrial production lines.

Over the years, air lubrication technology has been widely applied to maritime vessels, demonstrating its significant energy-saving and emission-reducing effects. However, the application of this technology in inland waterway transportation faces unique challenges due to the shallower water depths, particularly during low water periods. Under such conditions, the formation of the air layer and its associated drag-reduction effects may undergo alterations. Conducting research on air lubrication technology in shallow water conditions holds great practical significance for promoting its application in inland waterway vessels. Therefore, a numerical study is undertaken to examine the impact of water depth on Air layer Drag Reduction (ALDR) to promote the use of ALDR technology on inland canal boats with shallow water depths. The object was a specific river-sea direct ship model, and a groove was created at the bottom of the model with air injection. At two distinct speeds, numerical simulations were run for four different depths: deep water, moderate water, shallow water, and ultra-shallow water. A comparative examination of the air layer morphology on the ship bottom and drag reduction was conducted to investigate the impact of water depth on ALDR and confirm the viability of using ALDR technology on shallow-water navigation boats. The results indicate that due to the change in the velocity and pressure fields at the bottom of the ship, the efficiency of drag reduction and the form of the air layer on the ship’s bottom are significantly impacted by variations in water depth in restricted waters. However, the total resistance can still be significantly reduced by setting grooves on the hull with air injected in shallow waterways. Reduced frictional resistance no longer predominates the overall resistance reduction in shallow water; the proportion of the decrease in viscous pressure resistance rises and can reach up to 4.8 times the decrease in frictional resistance. The research confirms the application prospects of this technology on inland waterway transport ships.

This paper proposes a specifically parametric design method for planing hulls using longitudinal functions and shape coefficients in order to meet the requirements for optimizing the hydrodynamic performance of planing hulls. To fully define the geometry of the planing hull, a series of design parameters and a set of longitudinal functions and shape coefficients are introduced to define key geometric features. The main frame curves of the hull are designed from bottom to top to ensure the priority and independence of parameters related to the planing surface. The mathematical equations of the control points of the keel curve, chine curve, sheer curve, and surface station curve of the hull framework are established and solved based on B-spline theory. This configures the basis for generating a continuous smooth surface of the hull. Finally, based on the frame curves, the hull surface was generated by using NURBS surface interpolation. The design parameters, especially the longitudinal functions and shape coefficients, can intuitively and independently control the key features of the hull form, which allow control over key geometric features that are highly relevant to the hydrodynamics of the planing hull. By utilizing this approach, rapid production of deep-V and radial planing hulls is achievable, resulting in closed and smooth hull surfaces. Case studies have provided evidence that the modeling of monohull unstepped planing hulls with diverse characteristics can be effectively accomplished through the definition of these parameters.

To address the high deployment cost, insufficient local coverage, and limited timeliness of conventional wave-observation methods in onboard real-time applications, this study conducts a comparative investigation of centre-of-gravity-equivalent instantaneous wave-height estimation models based on three-degree-of-freedom ship motion responses under the framework of the wave buoy analogy (WBA). The heave, roll, and pitch responses of a 1:2 scaled Series 62 4667-1 planing craft model in regular head seas are used as inputs, while the synchronous instantaneous wave-height signal measured by a wave probe near the centre of gravity is used as the label. A unified protocol is established with consistent inputs, labels, window construction, data partitioning, and evaluation metrics. Six models, namely SVR, TCN, LSTM, CNN-LSTM, Transformer, and LSTM-MHA, are compared and validated using STAR-CCM+ numerical simulation data and towing-tank experimental data. The results indicate that, in the simulated case of H = 0.10 m and T = 1.5 s, LSTM-MHA achieves the highest estimation accuracy, with RMSE and R² values of 0.001231 and 0.997848, respectively, but it also has the largest model size and computational cost. In comparison, TCN achieves near-optimal accuracy with a smaller parameter count and lower inference latency, and shows stable performance across multiple conditions. The towing-tank experimental results further show that both LSTM-MHA and TCN clearly outperform the SVR baseline. Overall, accuracy in the simulation domain, robustness in the towing-tank experimental domain, and cross-domain generalisation capability are not fully consistent. Therefore, the selection of onboard instantaneous wave-height estimation models should jointly consider estimation error, model complexity, computational latency, window length, and practical deployment requirements.