This study evaluates four developed external Human–Machine Interface (eHMI) concepts for automated shuttles, focusing on improving communication with other road users, mainly pedestrians and cyclists. Without a human driver to signal intentions, eHMI systems can play a crucial role in conveying the shuttle’s movements and future path, fostering safety and trust. The four eHMI systems’ purple light projections, emotional eyes, auditory alerts, and informative text were tested in a virtual reality (VR) environment. Participant evaluations were collected using an approach inspired by Kansei engineering and Likert scales. Results show that auditory alerts and informative text-eHMI are most appreciated, with participants finding them relatively clear and easy to understand. In contrast, purple light projections were hard to see in daylight, and emotional eyes were often misinterpreted. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified three key factors for eHMI success: predictability, endangerment, and practicality. The findings underscore the need for intuitive, simple, and predictable designs, particularly in the absence of a driver. This study highlights how eHMI systems can support the integration of automated shuttles into public transport. It offers insights into design features that improve road safety and user experience, recommending further research on long-term effectiveness in real-world traffic conditions.

In the ongoing project Ride the Future in Linköping since 2019, two automated shuttles operate seven days a week on the campus and in a residential area, sharing the road with cars, buses, cyclists, and pedestrians. Addressing the conflicts arising from unfamiliar technology, speed variations, and unpredictable behavior, this survey study with 67 respondents delves into the experience of the local community and students with the automated shuttles. Results highlight that while a high level of trust in the shuttles is established due to their low speed and cautiousness, this feature also leads respondents to choose other modes of transportation, such as cycling or walking. To mitigate road conflicts, suggestions include implementing separate lanes, providing more operational and project-related information, and implementing auditory signals to the shuttles. These insights can help shape the future of the project that is extended to new areas and other researchers working on similar topics.