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Fascioliasis is a disease caused by Fasciola hepatica worldwide transmitted by lymnaeid snails mainly of the Galba/Fossaria group and F. gigantica restricted to parts of Africa and Asia and transmitted by Radix lymnaeids. Concern has recently risen regarding the high pathogenicity and human infection capacity of F. gigantica. Abnormally big-sized fasciolids were found infecting sheep in Ecuador, the only South American country where F. gigantica has been reported. Their phenotypic comparison with F. hepatica infecting sheep from Peru, Bolivia and Spain, and F. gigantica from Egypt and Vietnam demonstrated the Ecuadorian fasciolids to have size-linked parameters of F. gigantica. Genotyping of these big-sized fasciolids by rDNA ITS-2 and ITS-1 and mtDNA cox1 and nad1 and their comparison with other countries proved the big-sized fasciolids to belong to F. hepatica. Neither heterozygotic ITS position differentiated the two species, and no introgressed fragments and heteroplasmic positions in mtDNA were found. The haplotype diversity indicates introductions mainly from other South American countries, Europe and North America. Big-sized fasciolids from Ecuador and USA are considered to be consequences of F.gigantica introductions by past livestock importations. The vector specificity filter due to Radix absence should act as driving force in the evolution in such lineages.
Maria Dolores Bargues; Maria Adela Valero; Gabriel A. Trueba; Marco Fornasini; Angel F. Villavicencio; Rocío Guamán; Alejandra De Elías-Escribano; Ignacio Pérez-Crespo; Patricio Artigas; Santiago Mas-Coma. DNA Multi-Marker Genotyping and CIAS Morphometric Phenotyping of Fasciola gigantica-Sized Flukes from Ecuador, with an Analysis of the Radix Absence in the New World and the Evolutionary Lymnaeid Snail Vector Filter. Animals 2021, 11, 2495 .
AMA StyleMaria Dolores Bargues, Maria Adela Valero, Gabriel A. Trueba, Marco Fornasini, Angel F. Villavicencio, Rocío Guamán, Alejandra De Elías-Escribano, Ignacio Pérez-Crespo, Patricio Artigas, Santiago Mas-Coma. DNA Multi-Marker Genotyping and CIAS Morphometric Phenotyping of Fasciola gigantica-Sized Flukes from Ecuador, with an Analysis of the Radix Absence in the New World and the Evolutionary Lymnaeid Snail Vector Filter. Animals. 2021; 11 (9):2495.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaria Dolores Bargues; Maria Adela Valero; Gabriel A. Trueba; Marco Fornasini; Angel F. Villavicencio; Rocío Guamán; Alejandra De Elías-Escribano; Ignacio Pérez-Crespo; Patricio Artigas; Santiago Mas-Coma. 2021. "DNA Multi-Marker Genotyping and CIAS Morphometric Phenotyping of Fasciola gigantica-Sized Flukes from Ecuador, with an Analysis of the Radix Absence in the New World and the Evolutionary Lymnaeid Snail Vector Filter." Animals 11, no. 9: 2495.
Schistosomiasis is a Neglected Tropical Disease caused by trematode species of the genus Schistosoma. Both, autochthonous and imported cases of urogenital schistosomiasis have been described in Europe. The present study focuses on eggs, considered pure S. haematobium by genetic characterisation (intergenic ITS region of the rDNA and cox1 mtDNA). A phenotypic characterisation of S. haematobium eggs was made by morphometric comparison with experimental populations of S. bovis and S. mansoni, to help in the diagnosis of S. haematobium populations infecting sub-Saharan migrants in Spain. Analyses were made by Computer Image Analysis System (CIAS) applied on the basis of new standardised measurements and geometric morphometric tools. The principal component analysis (PCA), including seventeen non-redundant measurements, showed three phenotypic patterns in eggs of S. haematobium, S. bovis and S. mansoni. PCA showed that the S. bovis population presented a large egg size range with a pronouncedly larger maximum size. Similarly, S. bovis shows bigger spine values than S. haematobium. Mahalanobis distances between each pair of groups were calculated for each discriminant analysis performed. In general, S. mansoni and S. bovis present larger distances between them than with S. haematobium, i.e. they present the greatest differences. Regarding the spine, S. haematobium and S. mansoni are the most distant species. Results show the usefulness of this methodology for the phenotypic differentiation between eggs from these Schistosoma species, capable of discerning morphologically close eggs, as is the case of the haematobium group. Schistosoma egg phenotyping approaches may be applied to assess not only hybrid forms but also potential influences of a variety of other factors.
Marta Reguera-Gomez; M. Adela Valero; M. Carmen Oliver-Chiva; Alejandra de Elias-Escribano; Patricio Artigas; M. Isabel Cabeza-Barrera; Joaquín Salas-Coronas; Jérôme Boissier; Santiago Mas-Coma; M. Dolores Bargues. First morphogenetic analysis of parasite eggs from Schistosomiasis haematobium infected sub-Saharan migrants in Spain and proposal for a new standardised study methodology. Acta Tropica 2021, 223, 106075 .
AMA StyleMarta Reguera-Gomez, M. Adela Valero, M. Carmen Oliver-Chiva, Alejandra de Elias-Escribano, Patricio Artigas, M. Isabel Cabeza-Barrera, Joaquín Salas-Coronas, Jérôme Boissier, Santiago Mas-Coma, M. Dolores Bargues. First morphogenetic analysis of parasite eggs from Schistosomiasis haematobium infected sub-Saharan migrants in Spain and proposal for a new standardised study methodology. Acta Tropica. 2021; 223 ():106075.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarta Reguera-Gomez; M. Adela Valero; M. Carmen Oliver-Chiva; Alejandra de Elias-Escribano; Patricio Artigas; M. Isabel Cabeza-Barrera; Joaquín Salas-Coronas; Jérôme Boissier; Santiago Mas-Coma; M. Dolores Bargues. 2021. "First morphogenetic analysis of parasite eggs from Schistosomiasis haematobium infected sub-Saharan migrants in Spain and proposal for a new standardised study methodology." Acta Tropica 223, no. : 106075.
Suncus etruscus is the smallest living mammal on Earth by mass. Most adults weigh 1.8–3 g with a body length of 35–48 mm. Catching it in small mammal traps in nature is extremely difficult due to its minute size, and therefore special trapping methods must be used. We had the unique opportunity of studying, for the first time, the helminth parasites of 166 individuals of S. etruscus, part of the largest collection in the world, which belonged to the French scientist Dr Roger Fons (1942–2016). A total of 150 individuals were captured in the Banyuls-Cerbère area (France) and 16 in the island of Corsica (France). We found seven helminth species, specifically, the cestodes Joyeuxiella pasqualei larvae, Mesocestoides sp. larvae, Staphylocystis claudevaucheri, S. banyulsensis, S. cerberensis, and Pseudhymenolepis sp., and the nematodes Aonchotheca sp. and Nematoda gen. sp. larvae. Neither trematodes nor acanthocephalans were detected. We provide prevalences, infracommunity compositions, and helminth associations. The adult helminth community of S. etruscus seems to be highly specific, i.e., oioxenous, and linked to its insectivore diet. Due to its small size, S. etruscus has undergone numerous physiological adaptations that have probably influenced its helminth spectrum as well as its helminth specificity.
María Galán-Puchades; Santiago Mas-Coma; María Valero; Màrius Fuentes. First Data on the Helminth Community of the Smallest Living Mammal on Earth, the Etruscan Pygmy Shrew, Suncus etruscus (Savi, 1822) (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae). Animals 2021, 11, 2074 .
AMA StyleMaría Galán-Puchades, Santiago Mas-Coma, María Valero, Màrius Fuentes. First Data on the Helminth Community of the Smallest Living Mammal on Earth, the Etruscan Pygmy Shrew, Suncus etruscus (Savi, 1822) (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae). Animals. 2021; 11 (7):2074.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaría Galán-Puchades; Santiago Mas-Coma; María Valero; Màrius Fuentes. 2021. "First Data on the Helminth Community of the Smallest Living Mammal on Earth, the Etruscan Pygmy Shrew, Suncus etruscus (Savi, 1822) (Eulipotyphla: Soricidae)." Animals 11, no. 7: 2074.
Background Aedes albopictus is a very invasive mosquito, which has recently colonized tropical and temperate regions worldwide. Of concern is its role in the spread of emerging or re-emerging mosquito-borne diseases. Ae. albopictus from south-western Europe and Brazil were studied to infer genetic and phenetic diversity at intra-individual, intra-population and inter-population levels, and to analyse its spread. Methods Genotyping was made by rDNA 5.8S-ITS-2 and mtDNA cox1 sequencing to assess haplotype and nucleotide diversity, genetic distances and phylogenetic networks. Male and female phenotyping included combined landmark-and outlined-based geometric morphometrics of wing size and shape. Results Specimens from seven populations from Spain, France and Brazil provided 12 cox1 and 162 5.8S-ITS-2 haplotypes, with great genetic variability difference between both markers (0.9% vs 31.2%). Five cox1 haplotypes were shared with other countries, mainly Italy, USA and China, but none was shared between Europe and Brazil. The 5.8S-ITS-2 showed 2–7 intra-individual (mean 4.7) and 16–34 intra-/inter-population haplotypes (24.7), including haplotypes shared between Spain, France and Brazil. A 4.3% of ITS-2 haplotypes were shared, mainly with Italy, USA and Thailand, evidencing worldwide spread and introductions from areas where recent outbreaks of Ae. albopictus-transmitted pathogens occurred. Wing size showed sex differences. Wing shape distinguished between Brazilian and European specimens. Both genetic and morphometric markers showed differences between insular Spain and continental Spain, France and Brazil. Conclusions ITS-2 proves to be a useful marker to assess Ae. albopictus spread, providing pronouncedly more information than cox1, including intra-individual, intra-population and inter-population levels, furnishing a complete overview of the evolutionary exchanges followed by this mosquito. Wing morphometry proves to be a useful phenotyping marker, allowing to distinguish different populations at the level of both male and female specimens. Results indicate the need for periodic surveillance monitorings to verify that no Ae. albopictus with high virus transmission capacity is introduced into Europe. Graphic Abstract
Patricio Artigas; Marta Reguera-Gomez; María Adela Valero; David Osca; Raquel Da Silva Pacheco; María Goreti Rosa-Freitas; Teresa Fernandes Silva-Do-Nascimento; Claudia Paredes-Esquivel; Javier Lucientes; Santiago Mas-Coma; María Dolores Bargues. Aedes albopictus diversity and relationships in south-western Europe and Brazil by rDNA/mtDNA and phenotypic analyses: ITS-2, a useful marker for spread studies. Parasites & Vectors 2021, 14, 1 -23.
AMA StylePatricio Artigas, Marta Reguera-Gomez, María Adela Valero, David Osca, Raquel Da Silva Pacheco, María Goreti Rosa-Freitas, Teresa Fernandes Silva-Do-Nascimento, Claudia Paredes-Esquivel, Javier Lucientes, Santiago Mas-Coma, María Dolores Bargues. Aedes albopictus diversity and relationships in south-western Europe and Brazil by rDNA/mtDNA and phenotypic analyses: ITS-2, a useful marker for spread studies. Parasites & Vectors. 2021; 14 (1):1-23.
Chicago/Turabian StylePatricio Artigas; Marta Reguera-Gomez; María Adela Valero; David Osca; Raquel Da Silva Pacheco; María Goreti Rosa-Freitas; Teresa Fernandes Silva-Do-Nascimento; Claudia Paredes-Esquivel; Javier Lucientes; Santiago Mas-Coma; María Dolores Bargues. 2021. "Aedes albopictus diversity and relationships in south-western Europe and Brazil by rDNA/mtDNA and phenotypic analyses: ITS-2, a useful marker for spread studies." Parasites & Vectors 14, no. 1: 1-23.
Fascioliasis is caused by Fasciola species transmitted by freshwater Lymnaeidae snails and infecting herbivorous mammals and humans worldwide. In southern Asia, fascioliasis is a problem in livestock from the Near East to Bangladesh, where recent human infection reports are worrying. In this region, Fasciola gigantica is transmitted by species of the Radix auricularia superspecies group. In the densely populated northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, livestock appears infected throughout. The economic importance of buffaloes highlights the need to control their very high infection rates. In the Gorakhpur area, a molecular method based on the two specific primer sets of genomic DNA was applied to fasciolids from buffaloes slaughtered in local abattoirs and cercariae from R. acuminata snails from freshwater collections. PCR products and sequences demonstrated that the cercariae belonged to F. gigantica and that R. acuminata acts as vector for its transmission to buffaloes. The 72.0% rate found in one transmission focus appears to be the highest worldwide record of fasciolid infection in a lymnaeid population. Lymnaeid prevalences and burdens found close to human communities indicate a very high infection risk. This method is simple, fast and cheap because there is no need for sequencing, it differentiates between fasciolid species and between fasciolids and other trematodes infecting R. acuminata, facilitates epidemiological surveys, and is useful for surveillance to evaluate the efficiency of control measures. Within climate change predictions, future increases of rain events and floods suggest the need for control and surveillance efforts in this endemic area.
Kumari Sunita; Santiago Mas-Coma; Maria Dolores Bargues; Sadaf; Mohammad Aasif Khan; Maria Habib; Saad Mustafa; Syed Akhtar Husain. Buffalo Infection by Fasciola gigantica Transmitted by Radix acuminata in Uttar Pradesh, India: A Molecular Tool to Improve Snail Vector Epidemiology Assessments and Control Surveillance. Acta Parasitologica 2021, 1 -10.
AMA StyleKumari Sunita, Santiago Mas-Coma, Maria Dolores Bargues, Sadaf, Mohammad Aasif Khan, Maria Habib, Saad Mustafa, Syed Akhtar Husain. Buffalo Infection by Fasciola gigantica Transmitted by Radix acuminata in Uttar Pradesh, India: A Molecular Tool to Improve Snail Vector Epidemiology Assessments and Control Surveillance. Acta Parasitologica. 2021; ():1-10.
Chicago/Turabian StyleKumari Sunita; Santiago Mas-Coma; Maria Dolores Bargues; Sadaf; Mohammad Aasif Khan; Maria Habib; Saad Mustafa; Syed Akhtar Husain. 2021. "Buffalo Infection by Fasciola gigantica Transmitted by Radix acuminata in Uttar Pradesh, India: A Molecular Tool to Improve Snail Vector Epidemiology Assessments and Control Surveillance." Acta Parasitologica , no. : 1-10.
Fascioliasis is a worldwide emerging snail-borne zoonotic trematodiasis with a great spreading capacity linked to animal and human movements, climate change, and anthropogenic modifications of freshwater environments. South America is the continent with more human endemic areas caused by Fasciola hepatica, mainly in high altitude areas of Andean regions. The Peruvian Cajamarca area presents the highest human prevalences reported, only lower than those in the Bolivian Altiplano. Sequencing of the complete rDNA ITS-2 allowed for the specific and haplotype classification of lymnaeid snails collected in seasonal field surveys along a transect including 2007–3473 m altitudes. The species Galba truncatula (one haplotype preferentially in higher altitudes) and Pseudosuccinea columella (one haplotype in an isolated population), and the non-transmitting species Lymnaea schirazensis (two haplotypes mainly in lower altitudes) were found. Climatic seasonality proved to influence G. truncatula populations in temporarily dried habitats, whereas L. schirazensis appeared to be more climatologically independent due to its extreme amphibious ecology. Along the southeastern transect from Cajamarca city, G. truncatula and L. schirazensis shared the same site in 7 localities (46.7% of the water collections studied). The detection of G. truncatula in 11 new foci (73.3%), predominantly in northern localities closer to the city, demonstrate that the Cajamarca transmission risk area is markedly wider than previously considered. Lymnaea schirazensis progressively increases its presence when moving away from the city. Results highlight the usefulness of lymnaeid surveys to assess borders of the endemic area and inner distribution of transmission foci. Similar lymnaeid surveys are still in need to be performed in the wide northern and western zones of the Cajamarca city. The coexistence of more than one lymnaeid transmitting species, together with a morphologically indistinguishable non-transmitting species and livestock movements inside the area, conform a complex scenario which poses difficulties for the needed One Health control intervention.
J.N. Bardales-Valdivia; M.D. Bargues; C. Hoban-Vergara; C. Bardales-Bardales; C. Goicochea-Portal; H. Bazán-Zurita; J. Del Valle-Mendoza; P. Ortiz; S. Mas-Coma. Spread of the fascioliasis endemic area assessed by seasonal follow-up of rDNA ITS-2 sequenced lymnaeid populations in Cajamarca, Peru. One Health 2021, 13, 100265 .
AMA StyleJ.N. Bardales-Valdivia, M.D. Bargues, C. Hoban-Vergara, C. Bardales-Bardales, C. Goicochea-Portal, H. Bazán-Zurita, J. Del Valle-Mendoza, P. Ortiz, S. Mas-Coma. Spread of the fascioliasis endemic area assessed by seasonal follow-up of rDNA ITS-2 sequenced lymnaeid populations in Cajamarca, Peru. One Health. 2021; 13 ():100265.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ.N. Bardales-Valdivia; M.D. Bargues; C. Hoban-Vergara; C. Bardales-Bardales; C. Goicochea-Portal; H. Bazán-Zurita; J. Del Valle-Mendoza; P. Ortiz; S. Mas-Coma. 2021. "Spread of the fascioliasis endemic area assessed by seasonal follow-up of rDNA ITS-2 sequenced lymnaeid populations in Cajamarca, Peru." One Health 13, no. : 100265.
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease caused by the liver fluke. Fasciola hepatica, distributed almost worldwide, and F. gigantica, restricted to parts of Africa and Asia. These fasciolids are transmitted by specific freshwater Lymnaeidae snails and infect many mammals, mainly herbivorous but also omnivorous species, causing severe disease in domestic ruminants and humans. Livestock affection gives rise to impressive worldwide economic veterinary losses. Human fascioliasis is included within foodborne trematodiases among neglected tropical diseases by WHO. This article comprises a multidisciplinary update of this disease, in which many crucial steps forward have been made in the last two decades. New knowledge has been obtained in aspects as molecular biology, genetics, influences of climate and global changes, immunity, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. In human fascioliasis, moreover, the present global scenario pronouncedly differs from the one considered before the 1990s. Human endemic areas have been reported from Asia, Latin America and Africa. The wide heterogeneity of human fascioliasis differs from animal fascioliasis and is linked to different human infection sources, transmission patterns, and epidemiological situations according to endemic areas. Recent studies showed that human infection may even occur early in lactant children and long chronicity may induce severe pathology and sequelae.
S. Mas-Coma; M.A. Valero; M.D. Bargues. Fascioliasis in Humans and Animals. Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleS. Mas-Coma, M.A. Valero, M.D. Bargues. Fascioliasis in Humans and Animals. Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleS. Mas-Coma; M.A. Valero; M.D. Bargues. 2021. "Fascioliasis in Humans and Animals." Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences , no. : 1.
A One Health initiative has been implemented for fascioliasis control in a human hyperendemic area for the first time. The area selected for this multidisciplinary approach is the Northern Bolivian Altiplano, where the highest prevalences and intensities in humans have been reported. Within the strategic intervention axis of control activities concerning animal reservoirs, complete experimental studies, and field surveys have been performed to assess the fascioliasis transmission capacity and epidemiological role of the donkey for the first time. Laboratory studies with altiplanic donkey-infecting Fasciola hepatica and altiplanic Galba truncatula snail vector isolates demonstrate that the donkey assures the viability of the whole fasciolid life cycle. Several aspects indicate, however, that F. hepatica does not reach, in the donkey, the level of adaptation it shows in sheep and cattle in this high altitude hyperendemic area. This is illustrated by a few-day delay in egg embryonation, longer prepatent period despite similar miracidial infectivity and shorter patent period in the intramolluscan development, lower cercarial production per snail, different cercarial chronobiology, shorter snail survival after shedding end, shorter longevity of shedding snails, and lower metacercarial infectivity in Wistar rats. Thus, the role of the donkey in the disease transmission should be considered secondary. Field survey results proved that liver fluke prevalence and intensity in donkeys are similar to those of the main reservoirs sheep and cattle in this area. Fasciolid egg shedding by a donkey individual contributes to the environment contamination at a rate similar to sheep and cattle. In this endemic area, the pronounced lower number of donkeys when compared to sheep and cattle indicates that the epidemiological reservoir role of the donkey is also secondary. However, the donkey plays an important epidemiological role in the disease spread because of its use by Aymara inhabitants for good transport, movements, and travel from one locality/zone to another, a repercussion to be considered in the present geographical spread of fascioliasis in the Altiplano due to climate change. Donkey transport of parasite and vector, including movements inside the zone under control and potential introduction from outside that zone, poses a problem for the One Health initiative.
Santiago Mas-Coma; Paola Buchon; Ilra R. Funatsu; Rene Angles; Cristina Mas-Bargues; Patricio Artigas; M. Adela Valero; M. Dolores Bargues. Donkey Fascioliasis Within a One Health Control Action: Transmission Capacity, Field Epidemiology, and Reservoir Role in a Human Hyperendemic Area. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020, 7, 1 .
AMA StyleSantiago Mas-Coma, Paola Buchon, Ilra R. Funatsu, Rene Angles, Cristina Mas-Bargues, Patricio Artigas, M. Adela Valero, M. Dolores Bargues. Donkey Fascioliasis Within a One Health Control Action: Transmission Capacity, Field Epidemiology, and Reservoir Role in a Human Hyperendemic Area. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020; 7 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantiago Mas-Coma; Paola Buchon; Ilra R. Funatsu; Rene Angles; Cristina Mas-Bargues; Patricio Artigas; M. Adela Valero; M. Dolores Bargues. 2020. "Donkey Fascioliasis Within a One Health Control Action: Transmission Capacity, Field Epidemiology, and Reservoir Role in a Human Hyperendemic Area." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7, no. : 1.
The Northern Bolivian Altiplano is the human fascioliasis hyperendemic area where the highest prevalences and intensities of infection by Fasciola hepatica in humans have been reported. Four animal species are the reservoir species for F. hepatica in this area, namely, sheep, cattle, pigs, and donkeys. Livestock for the Aymara inhabitants is crucial because vegetable cultures are not viable due to the inhospitality of the very high altitude of 3,820–4,100 m. A One Health initiative has been implemented in this area in recent years, as the first such control action in a human endemic area ever. Among the different control axes included, special focus is devoted to the two main reservoirs sheep and cattle. Egg embryonation, miracidial infectivity, intramolluscan development, cercarial production, infected snail survival, and metacercarial infectivity were experimentally studied in altiplanic sheep and cattle isolates. These laboratory studies were performed using altiplanic isolates of the lymnaeid species Galba truncatula, the only vector present in the hyperendemic area. Experiments were made at constant 12 h day/12 h night and varying 20/20°C and 22/5°C photoperiods. Infections were implemented using mono-, bi-, and trimiracidial doses. Results demonstrate that sheep and cattle have the capacity to assure F. hepatica transmission in this very high-altitude area. Field surveys included prevalence studies by coprology on fecal samples from 1,202 sheep and 2,690 cattle collected from different zones of the Northern Bolivian Altiplano. Prevalences were pronouncedly higher and more homogeneous in sheep (63.1%; range: 38.9–68.5%) than in cattle (20.6%; range: 8.2–43.3%) in each one of the different zones. Although similarities between the prevalences in sheep and cattle appeared in the zones of the highest and lowest infection rates, this disappeared in the other zones due to cattle treatments. Comparison with past surveys demonstrates that this hyperendemic area is stable from the disease transmission point of view. Therefore, the control design should prioritize sheep and cattle within the One Health action. Studies performed in the Bolivian Altiplano furnish a baseline for future initiatives to assess the transmission and epidemiological characteristics of fascioliasis in the way for its control in other high altitude Andean endemic areas.
Santiago Mas-Coma; Paola Buchon; Ilra R. Funatsu; Rene Angles; Patricio Artigas; M. Adela Valero; M. Dolores Bargues. Sheep and Cattle Reservoirs in the Highest Human Fascioliasis Hyperendemic Area: Experimental Transmission Capacity, Field Epidemiology, and Control Within a One Health Initiative in Bolivia. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020, 7, 583204 .
AMA StyleSantiago Mas-Coma, Paola Buchon, Ilra R. Funatsu, Rene Angles, Patricio Artigas, M. Adela Valero, M. Dolores Bargues. Sheep and Cattle Reservoirs in the Highest Human Fascioliasis Hyperendemic Area: Experimental Transmission Capacity, Field Epidemiology, and Control Within a One Health Initiative in Bolivia. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2020; 7 ():583204.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantiago Mas-Coma; Paola Buchon; Ilra R. Funatsu; Rene Angles; Patricio Artigas; M. Adela Valero; M. Dolores Bargues. 2020. "Sheep and Cattle Reservoirs in the Highest Human Fascioliasis Hyperendemic Area: Experimental Transmission Capacity, Field Epidemiology, and Control Within a One Health Initiative in Bolivia." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 7, no. : 583204.
Fascioliasis is reported in five Vietnamese children aged 4 years or younger. A 10-month-old girl child and a 12-month-old boy child are the youngest patients ever diagnosed. Eggs in stools suggested an infection occurred at 5–6 months and 7–8 months of age, respectively. DNA sequencing and egg size indicated this to be the first report of a verified Fasciola gigantica infection in so small children. No specific diagnosis could be obtained in two 3-year-old children detected in the acute phase. A big and gravid ectopic F. gigantica–like worm was surgically found in a 4-year-old boy presenting with peritonitis. A worldwide review showed only 38 past cases in preschool children. They included 3, 7, 12, and 16 cases of 1, 2, 3, and 4 years, respectively, with a faster infection increase in males from 2 years onward. Reports were from all continents, except Oceania, including severe complications and death. The causal agent, when specifically diagnosed, was always Fasciola hepatica. Analyses include detection in hospital, surveys, and family outbreaks; infection sources; disease phases; parasite burden; ectopic cases; symptom onset; eosinophilia; biochemical markers; and clinical complications. C-reactive protein, creatinine, and γ-glutamyl transferase are the most useful biomarkers. A serological test and a coprological analysis are recommended for so small children, in which typical symptoms may be overlooked. Treatment problems were described with many drugs, except triclabendazole. Triclabendazole should be considered the drug of choice for such small children. The possibility of a very early infection by Fasciola spp. should be henceforth considered.
Nguyen Van De; Thanh Hoa Le; Veronica H. Agramunt; Santiago Mas-Coma. Early Postnatal and Preschool-Age Infection by Fasciola spp.: Report of Five Cases from Vietnam and Worldwide Review. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2020, 103, 1578 -1589.
AMA StyleNguyen Van De, Thanh Hoa Le, Veronica H. Agramunt, Santiago Mas-Coma. Early Postnatal and Preschool-Age Infection by Fasciola spp.: Report of Five Cases from Vietnam and Worldwide Review. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2020; 103 (4):1578-1589.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen Van De; Thanh Hoa Le; Veronica H. Agramunt; Santiago Mas-Coma. 2020. "Early Postnatal and Preschool-Age Infection by Fasciola spp.: Report of Five Cases from Vietnam and Worldwide Review." The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 103, no. 4: 1578-1589.
Fascioliasis is a zoonotic disease caused by liver flukes transmitted by freshwater lymnaeid snails. Donkey and horse reservoir roles have been highlighted in human endemic areas. Liver fluke infection in mules has received very limited research. Their role in disease transmission, epidemiological importance and Fasciola hepatica pathogenicity are studied for the first time. Prevalence was 39.5% in 81 mules from Aconcagua, and 24.4% in 127 from Uspallata, in high-altitude areas of Mendoza province, Argentina. A mean amount of 101,242 eggs/mule/day is estimated. Lymnaeids from Uspallata proved to belong to ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) markers ITS-1 and ITS-2 combined haplotype 3C of Galba truncatula. These lymnaeids were experimentally susceptible to infection by egg miracidia from mules. Infectivity, number of cercariae/snail and shedding period fit the enhanced F. hepatica/G. truncatula transmission pattern at very high altitude. This indicates that the mule is able to maintain the F. hepatica cycle independently. Individual burdens of 20 and 97 flukes were found. Mule infection susceptibility is intermediate between donkey and horse, although closer to the latter. Anatomo-pathology and histopathology indicate that massive infection may cause mule death. Haematological value decreases of red blood cells, haemoglobin, leucocytes and lymphocytes indicate anaemia and strong immunosuppression. Strongly increased biochemical marker values indicate liver function alterations. The mule probably played a role in the past exchanges with Chile and Bolivia through Mendoza province. Evidence suggests that mules could contribute to the spread of both F. hepatica and G. truncatula to human fascioliasis-endemic areas in these countries.
R. Mera Y Sierra; G. Neira; M.D. Bargues; P.F. Cuervo; P. Artigas; L. Logarzo; G. Cortiñas; D.E.J. Ibaceta; A. Lopez Garrido; E. Bisutti; S. Mas-Coma. Equines as reservoirs of human fascioliasis: transmission capacity, epidemiology and pathogenicity in Fasciola hepatica-infected mules. Journal of Helminthology 2020, 94, 1 .
AMA StyleR. Mera Y Sierra, G. Neira, M.D. Bargues, P.F. Cuervo, P. Artigas, L. Logarzo, G. Cortiñas, D.E.J. Ibaceta, A. Lopez Garrido, E. Bisutti, S. Mas-Coma. Equines as reservoirs of human fascioliasis: transmission capacity, epidemiology and pathogenicity in Fasciola hepatica-infected mules. Journal of Helminthology. 2020; 94 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Mera Y Sierra; G. Neira; M.D. Bargues; P.F. Cuervo; P. Artigas; L. Logarzo; G. Cortiñas; D.E.J. Ibaceta; A. Lopez Garrido; E. Bisutti; S. Mas-Coma. 2020. "Equines as reservoirs of human fascioliasis: transmission capacity, epidemiology and pathogenicity in Fasciola hepatica-infected mules." Journal of Helminthology 94, no. : 1.
Background. Triatomine bugs, the vectors of Chagas disease, associate with vertebrate hosts in highly diverse ecotopes. When these blood-sucking bugs adapt to new microhabitats, their phenotypes may change. Although understanding phenotypic variation is key to the study of adaptive evolution and central to phenotype-based taxonomy, the drivers of phenotypic change and diversity in triatomines remain poorly understood. Methods/Findings. We combined a detailed phenotypic appraisal (including morphology and morphometrics) with mitochondrial cytb and nuclear ITS2 DNA-sequence analyses to study Rhodnius ecuadoriensis populations from across the species’ range. We found three major, naked-eye phenotypic variants. Southern-Andean bugs (SW Ecuador/NW Peru) from house and vertebrate-nest microhabitats are typical, light-colored, small bugs with short heads/wings. Northern-Andean bugs (W Ecuador wet-forest palms) are dark, large bugs with long heads/wings. Finally, northern-lowland bugs (coastal Ecuador dry-forest palms) are light-colored and medium-sized. Wing and (size-free) head shapes are similar across Ecuadorian populations, regardless of habitat or naked-eye phenotype, but distinct in Peruvian bugs. Bayesian phylogenetic and multispecies-coalescent DNA-sequence analyses strongly suggest that Ecuadorian and Peruvian populations are two independently-evolving lineages, with little within-lineage structuring/differentiation. Conclusions. We report sharp naked-eye phenotypic divergence of genetically similar Ecuadorian R. ecuadoriensis (house/nest southern-Andean vs. palm-dwelling northern bugs; and palm-dwelling Andean vs. lowland); and sharp naked-eye phenotypic similarity of typical, yet genetically distinct, southern-Andean bugs from house and nest (but not palm) microhabitats (SW Ecuador vs . NW Peru). This remarkable phenotypic diversity within a single nominal species likely stems from microhabitat adaptations possibly involving predator-driven selective pressure (yielding substrate-matching camouflage coloration) and a shift from palm-crown to vertebrate-nest microhabitats (yielding smaller bodies and shorter heads and wings). These findings shed new light on the origins of phenotypic diversity in triatomines, warn against excess reliance on phenotype-based triatomine-bug taxonomy, and confirm the Triatominae as an informative model-system for the study of phenotypic change under ecological pressure.
Fernando Abad-Franch; Fernando A. Monteiro; Márcio G. Pavan; James S. Patterson; Maria Dolores Bargues; Maria Angeles Zuriaga; Marcelo Aguilar; Charles B. Beard; Santiago Mas-Coma; Michael A. Miles. Under pressure: phenotypic divergence and convergence associated with microhabitat adaptations in Triatominae. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleFernando Abad-Franch, Fernando A. Monteiro, Márcio G. Pavan, James S. Patterson, Maria Dolores Bargues, Maria Angeles Zuriaga, Marcelo Aguilar, Charles B. Beard, Santiago Mas-Coma, Michael A. Miles. Under pressure: phenotypic divergence and convergence associated with microhabitat adaptations in Triatominae. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFernando Abad-Franch; Fernando A. Monteiro; Márcio G. Pavan; James S. Patterson; Maria Dolores Bargues; Maria Angeles Zuriaga; Marcelo Aguilar; Charles B. Beard; Santiago Mas-Coma; Michael A. Miles. 2020. "Under pressure: phenotypic divergence and convergence associated with microhabitat adaptations in Triatominae." , no. : 1.
Santiago Mas-Coma. Human fascioliasis emergence risks in developed countries: From individual patients and small epidemics to climate and global change impacts. Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed.) 2020, 38, 253 -256.
AMA StyleSantiago Mas-Coma. Human fascioliasis emergence risks in developed countries: From individual patients and small epidemics to climate and global change impacts. Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed.). 2020; 38 (6):253-256.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantiago Mas-Coma. 2020. "Human fascioliasis emergence risks in developed countries: From individual patients and small epidemics to climate and global change impacts." Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed.) 38, no. 6: 253-256.
Fascioliasis is a disease caused by liver flukes. In human fascioliasis hyperendemic areas, reinfection and chronicity are the norm. Control strategies in humans require the use of egg count techniques to calculate the appropriate treatment dose for colic risk prevention. The present study investigates how fascioliasis reinfection affects liver fluke egg shedding and its relationship with the immune-regulatory response. The experimental design reproduced the usual reinfection/chronicity conditions in human fascioliasis endemic areas and included Fasciola hepatica primo-infected Wistar rats (PI) and rats reinfected at 4 weeks (R4), 8 weeks (R8), 12 weeks (R12), and negative control rats. In a longitudinal study (0-20 weeks post-infection, p.i.), serical IgG1 levels and eggs per gram of faeces (epg) were analyzed. In a cross-sectional study, the expression of the genes associated with Th1 (Ifng, Il12a, Il12b, Nos2), Th2 (Il4, Arg1), Treg (Foxp3, Il10, Tgfb, Ebi3), and Th17 (Il17) in the spleen and thymus was analyzed. In R8 and R12, transiently higher averages of epg and epg/worm in reinfected groups vs PI group were detected at least in the weeks following reinfection. The kinetics of IgG1 levels shows that reinfected groups followed a pattern similar to the one in the PI group, but transiently higher averages of IgG1 levels in reinfected groups vs the PI group were detected in the weeks following reinfection. Epg correlated with IgG1 levels and also with systemic Il10 and thymic Ifng, and Il10 expression levels. These results suggest that epg depends on the Th1 and Treg phenotype and that the determination of the fluke burden by epg is likely to be an overestimation in cases of recent reinfection in low burden situations. A strategy to facilitate the implementation of epg count techniques and the subsequent decision on the appropriate treatment dose for each patient to prevent colic risk is required.
M. Adela Valero; Nuria Gironès; Marta Reguera-Gomez; Ignacio Pérez-Crespo; M. Pilar López-García; Carla Quesada; M. Dolores Bargues; Manuel Fresno; Santiago Mas-Coma. Impact of fascioliasis reinfection on Fasciola hepatica egg shedding: relationship with the immune-regulatory response. Acta Tropica 2020, 209, 105518 .
AMA StyleM. Adela Valero, Nuria Gironès, Marta Reguera-Gomez, Ignacio Pérez-Crespo, M. Pilar López-García, Carla Quesada, M. Dolores Bargues, Manuel Fresno, Santiago Mas-Coma. Impact of fascioliasis reinfection on Fasciola hepatica egg shedding: relationship with the immune-regulatory response. Acta Tropica. 2020; 209 ():105518.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Adela Valero; Nuria Gironès; Marta Reguera-Gomez; Ignacio Pérez-Crespo; M. Pilar López-García; Carla Quesada; M. Dolores Bargues; Manuel Fresno; Santiago Mas-Coma. 2020. "Impact of fascioliasis reinfection on Fasciola hepatica egg shedding: relationship with the immune-regulatory response." Acta Tropica 209, no. : 105518.
Fascioliasis is a freshwater snail‐borne zoonotic helminth disease caused by two species of trematodes: Fasciola hepatica of almost worldwide distribution and the more pathogenic F. gigantica restricted to parts of Asia and most of Africa. Of high pathological impact in ruminants, it underlies large livestock husbandry losses. Fascioliasis is moreover of high public health importance and accordingly included within the main neglected tropical diseases by WHO. Additionally, this is an emerging disease due to influences of climate and global changes. In Africa, F. gigantica is distributed throughout almost the whole continent except in the northwestern Maghreb countries of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia where only F. hepatica is present. The present study concerns the DNA multimarker characterization of the first finding of F. gigantica in sheep in Algeria by the complete sequences of rDNA ITS‐1 and ITS‐2 and mtDNA cox1 and nad1 genes. Sequence comparisons and network analyses show sequence identities and similarities suggesting a South‐North trans‐Saharan geographical origin, with introduction from Ghana, through the Sahel countries of Burkina Faso and Mali into Algeria. This way perfectly fits with nomadic pastoralism according to interconnecting intranational and transborder herd transhumance routes traditionally followed in this western part of Africa from very long ago. The risk for further spread throughout the three northwestern Maghreb countries is multidisciplinarily analyzed, mainly considering the present extensive motorization of the intranational transhumance system in Algeria, the lymnaeid snail vector species present throughout the northwestern Maghreb, the increasing demand for animal products in the growing cities of northern Algeria, and the continued human infection reports. Control measures should assure making antifasciolid drugs available and affordable for herders from the beginning and along their transhumant routes, and include diffusion and rules within the regional regulatory framework about the need for herd treatments.
Linda Chougar; Santiago Mas‐Coma; Patricio Artigas; Khaled Harhoura; Miriem Aissi; Veronica H. Agramunt; María D. Bargues. Genetically ‘pure’ Fasciola gigantica discovered in Algeria: DNA multimarker characterization, trans‐Saharan introduction from a Sahel origin and spreading risk into north‐western Maghreb countries. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleLinda Chougar, Santiago Mas‐Coma, Patricio Artigas, Khaled Harhoura, Miriem Aissi, Veronica H. Agramunt, María D. Bargues. Genetically ‘pure’ Fasciola gigantica discovered in Algeria: DNA multimarker characterization, trans‐Saharan introduction from a Sahel origin and spreading risk into north‐western Maghreb countries. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleLinda Chougar; Santiago Mas‐Coma; Patricio Artigas; Khaled Harhoura; Miriem Aissi; Veronica H. Agramunt; María D. Bargues. 2020. "Genetically ‘pure’ Fasciola gigantica discovered in Algeria: DNA multimarker characterization, trans‐Saharan introduction from a Sahel origin and spreading risk into north‐western Maghreb countries." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
Santiago Mas-Coma; Malcolm Jones; Aileen M. Marty. COVID-19 and globalization. One Health 2020, 9, 100132 -100132.
AMA StyleSantiago Mas-Coma, Malcolm Jones, Aileen M. Marty. COVID-19 and globalization. One Health. 2020; 9 ():100132-100132.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantiago Mas-Coma; Malcolm Jones; Aileen M. Marty. 2020. "COVID-19 and globalization." One Health 9, no. : 100132-100132.
Background Fascioliasis is a snail-borne zoonotic trematodiasis emerging due to climate changes, anthropogenic environment modifications, and livestock movements. Many areas where Fasciola hepatica is endemic in humans have been described in Latin America altitude areas. Highest prevalences and intensities were reported from four provinces of the northern Bolivian Altiplano, where preventive chemotherapy is ongoing. New strategies are now incorporated to decrease infection/re-infection risk, assessment of human infection sources to enable efficient prevention measures, and additionally a One Health initiative in a selected zone. Subsequent extension of these pilot interventions to the remaining Altiplano is key. Methods To verify reproducibility throughout, 133 specimens from 25 lymnaeid populations representative of the whole Altiplano, and 11 used for population dynamics studies, were analyzed by rDNA ITS2 and ITS1 and mtDNA cox1 and 16S sequencing to assess their classification, variability and geographical spread. Results Lymnaeid populations proved to belong to a monomorphic group, Galba truncatula. Only a single cox1 mutation was found in a local population. Two cox1 haplotypes were new. Comparisons of transmission foci data from the 1990’s with those of 2018 demonstrated an endemic area expansion. Altitudinal, northward and southward expansions suggest movements of livestock transporting G. truncatula snails, with increasing temperatures transforming previously unsuitable habitats into suitable transmission areas. Transmission foci appear to be stable when compared to past field observations, except for those modified by human activities, including construction of new roads or control measures undertaken in relation to fascioliasis. Conclusions For a One Health initiative, the control of only one Fasciola species and snail vector species simplifies efforts because of the lower transmission complexity. Vector monomorphism suggests uniformity of vector population responses after control measure implementation. Hyperendemic area outer boundary instability suggests a climate change impact. All populations outside previously known boundaries were close to villages, human dwellings and/or schools, and should therefore be considered during disease control planning. The remarkable southward expansion implies that a fifth province, Aroma, should now be included within preventive chemotherapy programmes. This study highlights the need for lymnaeid molecular identification, transmission foci stability monitoring, and potential vector spread assessment.
M. Dolores Bargues; Patricio Artigas; Rene Angles; David Osca; Pamela Duran; Paola Buchon; R. Karina Gonzales-Pomar; Julio Pinto-Mendieta; Santiago Mas-Coma. Genetic uniformity, geographical spread and anthropogenic habitat modifications of lymnaeid vectors found in a One Health initiative in the highest human fascioliasis hyperendemic of the Bolivian Altiplano. Parasites & Vectors 2020, 13, 1 -19.
AMA StyleM. Dolores Bargues, Patricio Artigas, Rene Angles, David Osca, Pamela Duran, Paola Buchon, R. Karina Gonzales-Pomar, Julio Pinto-Mendieta, Santiago Mas-Coma. Genetic uniformity, geographical spread and anthropogenic habitat modifications of lymnaeid vectors found in a One Health initiative in the highest human fascioliasis hyperendemic of the Bolivian Altiplano. Parasites & Vectors. 2020; 13 (1):1-19.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Dolores Bargues; Patricio Artigas; Rene Angles; David Osca; Pamela Duran; Paola Buchon; R. Karina Gonzales-Pomar; Julio Pinto-Mendieta; Santiago Mas-Coma. 2020. "Genetic uniformity, geographical spread and anthropogenic habitat modifications of lymnaeid vectors found in a One Health initiative in the highest human fascioliasis hyperendemic of the Bolivian Altiplano." Parasites & Vectors 13, no. 1: 1-19.
Our coalition of public health experts, doctors, and scientists worldwide want to draw attention to the need for high-quality evaluation protocols of the potential beneficial effect of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as a post-exposure drug for exposed people. In the absence of an approved, recognized effective pre or post-exposure prophylactic drug or vaccine for COVID-19, nor of any approved and validated therapeutic drug, coupled with social and political pressure raised by publicity both regarding the potential beneficial effect of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) as well as potential risks from HCQ, we urge the immediate proper clinical trials. Specifically, we mean using HCQ for post-exposure of people with close contact with patients with positive COVID19 rtPCR, including home and medical caregivers. We have reviewed the mechanisms of antiviral effect of HCQ, the risk-benefit ratio taking into consideration the PK/PD of HCQ and the thresholds of efficacy. We have studied its use as an antimalarial, an antiviral, and an immunomodulating drug and concluded that the use of HCQ at doses matching that of the standard treatment of Systemic Lupus erythematous, which has proven safety and efficacy in terms of HCQ blood and tissue concentration adapted to bodyweight (2,3), at 6 mg/kg/day 1 (loading dose) followed by 5 mg/kg/ day, with a maximum limit of 600 mg/day in all cases should swiftly be clinically evaluated as a post-exposure drug for exposed people.
Stephane Picot; Aileen Marty; Anne-Lise Bienvenu; Lucille H. Blumberg; Jean Dupouy-Camet; Pierre Carnevale; Shigeyuki Kano; Malcolm K. Jones; Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro; Santiago Mas-Coma. Coalition: Advocacy for prospective clinical trials to test the post-exposure potential of hydroxychloroquine against COVID-19. One Health 2020, 9, 100131 .
AMA StyleStephane Picot, Aileen Marty, Anne-Lise Bienvenu, Lucille H. Blumberg, Jean Dupouy-Camet, Pierre Carnevale, Shigeyuki Kano, Malcolm K. Jones, Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro, Santiago Mas-Coma. Coalition: Advocacy for prospective clinical trials to test the post-exposure potential of hydroxychloroquine against COVID-19. One Health. 2020; 9 ():100131.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephane Picot; Aileen Marty; Anne-Lise Bienvenu; Lucille H. Blumberg; Jean Dupouy-Camet; Pierre Carnevale; Shigeyuki Kano; Malcolm K. Jones; Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro; Santiago Mas-Coma. 2020. "Coalition: Advocacy for prospective clinical trials to test the post-exposure potential of hydroxychloroquine against COVID-19." One Health 9, no. : 100131.
Santiago Mas-Coma. Human fascioliasis emergence risks in developed countries: From individual patients and small epidemics to climate and global change impacts. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica 2020, 38, 253 -256.
AMA StyleSantiago Mas-Coma. Human fascioliasis emergence risks in developed countries: From individual patients and small epidemics to climate and global change impacts. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica. 2020; 38 (6):253-256.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSantiago Mas-Coma. 2020. "Human fascioliasis emergence risks in developed countries: From individual patients and small epidemics to climate and global change impacts." Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica 38, no. 6: 253-256.
Background Strongyloidiasis is a health problem in Vietnam, but appropriate information is still limited. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, geographical distribution, epidemiological aspects, symptoms and other health indicators of Strongyloides stercoralis infections in patients from 27 provinces of northern Vietnam attending the Hanoi Medical University Hospital during 2016 and 2017. Methods Blood samples of 2000 patients were analyzed for S. stercoralis infection with an IgG ELISA test. Seroprevalence was analyzed by gender, age group, locality of origin (rural or urban areas) and symptoms. Stools from the seropositive patients were examined for the detection of worms which were subsequently used for species identification by morphology and rDNA ITS1 sequencing. Results A seroprevalence of 20% was detected, showing an increasing prevalence from young to older age groups but without significant gender difference. Seroprevalence was higher in rural areas than in urban areas, both in general and individually in all provinces without exception, and lower in the mountainous areas than in the large valley lowlands. The follow-up of the 400 patients showed eosinophilia in 100% of cases, diarrhoea in 64.5%, digestion difficulties in 58.0%, stomachache in 45.5%, stomach and duodenal ulcers in 44.5%, itching in 28.0% and fever in 9.5%. The prevalence of symptoms and signs were also higher in older age groups than in younger age groups. Worms were detected in stools of 10.5% of the patients. Sequencing of a 501-bp nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS1 fragment allowed for the verification of infection by Strongyloides stercoralis. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study is the largest survey of human strongyloidiasis in Vietnam so far and the first molecular identification of this nematode species in this country. Long-term chronicity may probably be usual in infected subjects, mainly in the older age groups.
Nguyen Van De; Pham Ngoc Minh; Le Van Duyet; Santiago Mas-Coma. Strongyloidiasis in northern Vietnam: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and molecular diagnosis of the causal agent. Parasites & Vectors 2019, 12, 515 .
AMA StyleNguyen Van De, Pham Ngoc Minh, Le Van Duyet, Santiago Mas-Coma. Strongyloidiasis in northern Vietnam: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and molecular diagnosis of the causal agent. Parasites & Vectors. 2019; 12 (1):515.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen Van De; Pham Ngoc Minh; Le Van Duyet; Santiago Mas-Coma. 2019. "Strongyloidiasis in northern Vietnam: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and molecular diagnosis of the causal agent." Parasites & Vectors 12, no. 1: 515.