Andrographolide (ADG) is a typical poorly water-soluble drug, and a co-amorphous strategy was used here to improve its aqueous solubility. Co-amorphous systems of ADG and amino acids with a 1:1 molar ratio were screened via the neat ball milling method. L-lysine (Lys) and L-tryptophan (Trp) can be used as co-formers with ADG, forming a co-amorphous phase, which was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction, IR and Raman spectroscopy. ADG-Trp showed poor solubility at 37 °C, which was close to that of raw ADG (0.08 mg·mL⁻¹). ADG-Lys showed unexpectedly enhanced solubility, at 0.5 mg·mL⁻¹ in the media of water and PBS (pH 7.4) and 0.3 mg·mL⁻¹ in the medium of HCl buffer (pH 1.2) at 37 °C. ADG-Lys showed good storage stability for 5 months, but its thermal stability was poor and it could recrystallize at 100 °C. Compared with ADG-Trp, ADG-Lys has weaker hydrogen bonding interactions and stronger hydrophobic interactions related to ADG molecules, which might cause the unusual enhancement in solubility. To our knowledge, ADG-Lys prepared in this work shows the maximum ADG content (70 wt.%) and the highest ADG solubility among the reported ADG amorphous solid dispersions and co-amorphous systems.

The contemporary system of musical education is being transformed and adapted to technical capabilities. This research aimed to study the features of using digital technologies in teaching the saxophone in a Chinese conservatory based on the experience of saxophonists Du Yinjiao and Liu Yuan. To implement the educational process, the authors developed teaching approaches that included existing methods but were based on new digital technologies that were not previously used within the same educational process. The learning was based on setting up a saxophonist’s performing apparatus using Bluestacks, developing technical playing skills using Muzquturie, working on an artistic repertoire based on Avid Cloud Collaboration, and developing improvisational skills based on Pibox Music. The findings showed a higher score for the technical skills (2.1); however, 28% of students believed that the artistic repertoire was of higher quality. The performance of Liu Yuan’s composition “Shots in the Night” on the saxophone showed that the performance quality and accuracy (0.23) were higher than the improvisational melody transformation (0.11). The practical significance of this paper is based on the possibility of improving the traditional educational process while learning the saxophone. The research prospects are based on the improvement of the educational process due to a new program for playing the saxophone based on the applications presented in the study.

Mosses are key components of terrestrial ecosystems and provide important systems for studying plant diversity, adaptation, and genome evolution. Lewinskya is a species-rich moss genus in Orthotrichaceae, but species delimitation and phylogenetic reconstruction within the genus remain difficult because diagnostic characters are often subtle or convergent. Chloroplast genomes can provide useful genomic resources and complementary evidence for comparative and systematic studies. This study aimed to generate new Lewinskya plastome resources and evaluate plastome structure, sequence variation, codon usage, and plastid-based phylogenetic relationships in the genus. Five newly sampled Lewinskya chloroplast genomes were assembled from genome-skimming data, including three circular plastome assemblies and two high-quality single-scaffold assemblies. Together with the published plastome of L. incana, the six Lewinskya plastomes ranged from 122,258 to 123,526 bp and showed conserved genome organization, gene content, GC composition, and inverted repeat boundaries. Each plastome encoded 128 genes, including 83 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA genes, and eight ribosomal RNA genes. A total of 520-542 simple sequence repeats were detected per plastome, with mononucleotide repeats being dominant and most repeats located in the large single-copy region. Comparative analyses revealed no large-scale rearrangements, but several localized divergence regions were detected. Nucleotide diversity analysis identified 11 highly variable regions, including five genic regions (rps18, rpl22, infA, rpl32 and rps3) and six intergenic spacers, most of which were located in the large single-copy region. Codon usage patterns were highly similar among species and showed a preference for A/T-ending codons. Phylogenetic analyses based on 78 plastid protein-coding genes from 26 Orthotrichaceae plastomes strongly supported the sampled Lewinskya species as a clade, although some deeper relationships within the genus remained weakly resolved. The newly assembled Lewinskya plastomes expand genomic resources for Orthotrichaceae and show that chloroplast genome evolution in the sampled species is structurally conservative but contains informative localized variation. The identified repeat loci and highly variable regions provide candidate markers for future species identification and population-level studies. Plastome-scale data offer useful evidence for Lewinskya systematics, but broader taxon sampling and integration with nuclear genomic and morphological evidence will be needed to resolve difficult interspecific relationships.

The eight species currently attributed to Pylaisiadelpha are revised. Four species are recognized: P. capillacea (reported here new to China), P. duellii, P. tenuirostris and P. tristoviridis (reported here new to U.S.A.). Pylaisiadelpha brasiliensis is transferred to Sematophyllum, as S. prolongirostratum Y.Jia nom. nov.; P. drepanioides, P. yokohamae and P. sharpii are treated as new synonyms of P. tenuirostris and Isopterygium tenerum, respectively. The illustrations and detailed descriptions mainly based on the type specimens are provided. A key to the four species and a list of status of all name placed in Pylaisiadelpha are also presented. Clastobryum cupressinoides is excluded from synonymy of Pylaisiadelpha capillacea and consider as a new synonym of Brotherella henonii.