The rapid development of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) presents challenges in managing mixed traffic flows. Previous studies have primarily focused on mixed traffic flow involving CAVs and Human-Driven Vehicles (HDVs), or on the combination of trucks and cars. However, these studies have not fully addressed the heterogeneous mixed traffic flow consisting of CAVs and HDVs, including trucks and cars, influenced by varying human driving styles. Therefore, this study investigates the influences of the market penetration rate (MPR) of CAVs, truck proportion, and driving style on operational characteristics in heterogeneous mixed traffic flow. A total of 1105 events were extracted from highD dataset to analyze four car-following types: car-following-car (CC), car-following-truck (CT), truck-following-car (TC), and truck-following-truck (TT). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and clustering techniques were employed to categorize distinct driving styles, while the Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) was calibrated to represent the various car-following behaviors. Subsequently, microscopic simulations were conducted using the Simulation of Urban Mobility (SUMO) platform to evaluate the impact of CAVs on sustainable traffic operations, including road capacity, stability, safety, traffic oscillations, fuel consumption, and emissions under various traffic conditions. The results demonstrate that CAVs can significantly enhance road capacity, improve emissions, and stabilize traffic flow at high MPRs. For instance, when the MPR increases from 40% to 80%, the road capacity improves by approximately 25%, while stability enhances by approximately 33%. In contrast, higher truck proportions lead to reduced capacity, increased emissions, and decreased traffic flow stability. In addition, an increased proportion of mild drivers reduces capacity, raises emissions per kilometer, and improves stability and safety. However, a high proportion of mild human drivers (e.g., 100% mild drivers) may negatively impact traffic safety when CAVs are present. This study provides valuable insights into evaluating heterogeneous traffic flows and supports the development of future traffic management strategies for more sustainable transportation systems.

Negative externalities refer to costs arising from transportation activities that are not borne by service providers or consumers, often leading to their neglect in freight transportation planning. This study proposes a novel framework for optimising water‐road transportation route selection by incorporating two key negative externalities: fuel consumption and traffic risk. Traffic risk is assessed using a safety performance function, while fuel consumption is estimated based on the Handbook of Emission Factors for Road Transport. The proposed framework is applied to California's road network and port system, where the optimal operation area for each major port is determined and compared across different optimisation objectives: trip distance, fuel consumption and traffic risk. Results indicate that the optimal operation area varies significantly depending on the relative weight assigned to each objective. The findings demonstrate that optimising routes beyond just minimising distance can reduce fuel consumption and traffic risk, highlighting the substantial differences in optimal operational areas under different criteria.

Daily Travel Time (TT) uncertainty significantly impacts commuters, especially during peak hours (Cho, Park, and Choo 2025; Gong, Lin, and Duan 2017; Xia et al. 2021). While drivers often plan for ...

1. The fisheries sector is widely recognized as one of the oldest industries worldwide and plays a critical role in global food security and livelihood support. It provides employment and income op...