The aim of this study is to conduct a comparative assessment of the effectiveness of neural network models—U-Net, DeepLabV3+, SegNet and Mask R-CNN—for the semantic segmentation of micrographs of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). A dataset of 320 cell micrographs annotated by cell biology experts was created. The models were trained using a transfer learning method based on ImageNet pre-trained weights. As a result, the U-Net model demonstrated the best segmentation accuracy according to the metrics of the Dice coefficient (0.876) and the Jaccard index (0.781). The DeepLabV3+ and Mask R-CNN models also showed high performance, although slightly lower than U-Net, while SegNet exhibited the least accurate results. The obtained data indicate that the U-Net model is the most suitable for automating the segmentation of MSC micrographs and can be recommended for use in biomedical laboratories to streamline the routine analysis of cell cultures.

В лекции даны анализ и оценка существующих базисных факторов риска возникновения цереброваскулярной патологии, способствующих развитию гетерогенных ишемических инсультов (атеросклероз, критические, симптомные и асимптомные стенозы сонных артерий, дислипидемия, патология сердца и др.), обосновываются новые факторы риска, способствующие острому нарушению мозгового кровообращения и хроническим нарушениям мозгового кровообращения, особенно у лиц молодого возраста. Приводятся критерии клинической и параклинической диагностики в целях выявления подобных факторов риска и возможности их коррекции. Лекция предназначена для врачей-интернов неврологов, курсантов-неврологов тематического усовершенствования и предаттестационных циклов, а также семейных врачей.

As endovascular reperfusion advances and multimodal neuroimagimg is implemented, neuroprotection in ischemic stroke progresses to the next level. In the recent years, the focus of neuroprotection research has been gradually shifting towards the research of endogenous substances and their synthetic analogs. According to the available evidence, thyroid hormones (THs) and their metabolites are potentially effective neuroprotectors in brain ischemia. Objective. To identify and classify TH neuroprotective effects in acute brain ischemia by analyzing contemporary data. We studied and analyzed publications indexed in РubMed, SciElo, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Biomedical Data Journal, and eLibrary. The molecular basis of TH effects includes genomic and non-genomic mechanisms aimed at mitochondrial activity regulation, neuro- and angiogenesis, axonal transport, cytoskeleton maintenance, and impact on ion channels as well as activation and expression of specific proteins. TH effects on the central nervous system can be classified into following clusters: influence on neuronal and glial metabolism, apoptosis modulation, neuroplasticity and angiogenesis, impact on hemostasis, and local and systemic immune response. Conclusion. THs are multimodal and selective regulators of cellular processes that affect neuroplasticity and neuro-reintegration both in the brain ischemic zone and beyond it. Therefore, a promising research can cover THs and and their metabolites as cerebral cytoprotectors to improve functional outcomes of ischemic strokes.

This scoping review explores the application of artificial intelligence (AI) methods for analyzing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) images. The aim of this study was to identify key areas where AI-based image processing techniques are utilized for MSCs analysis, assess their effectiveness, and highlight existing challenges. A total of 25 studies published between 2014 and 2024 were selected from six databases (PubMed, Dimensions, Scopus, Google Scholar, eLibrary, and Cochrane) for this review. The findings demonstrate that machine learning algorithms outperform traditional methods in terms of accuracy (up to 97.5%), processing speed and noninvasive capabilities. Among AI methods, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are the most widely employed, accounting for 64% of the studies reviewed. The primary applications of AI in MSCs image analysis include cell classification (20%), segmentation and counting (20%), differentiation assessment (32%), senescence analysis (12%), and other tasks (16%). The advantages of AI methods include automation of image analysis, elimination of subjective biases, and dynamic monitoring of live cells without the need for fixation and staining. However, significant challenges persist, such as the high heterogeneity of the MSCs population, the absence of standardized protocols for AI implementation, and limited availability of annotated datasets. To advance this field, future efforts should focus on developing interpretable and multimodal AI models, creating standardized validation frameworks and open-access datasets, and establishing clear regulatory pathways for clinical translation. Addressing these challenges is crucial for accelerating the adoption of AI in MSCs biomanufacturing and enhancing the efficacy of cell therapies.

According to the modern point of view, up to 75% stroke cases may be associated with conventional (basic) risk factors such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac arrhythmia, diabetes, and others. However, up to 25% of stroke cases are associated with the influence of other risk factors, especially among young people. In this review, an analysis and evaluation of the most significant new stroke risk factors in young adults, such as genetic predisposition, «small» vessels disease, hyperhomocysteinemia, thrombophilia, «silent» brain infarction and others was made. Attention was paid to a role of new stroke risk factors in women. In this review, criteria for clinical evaluation of new stroke risk factors and pattern of laboratory tests to determine the stroke risk were defined based on current literature and personal observations.

INTRODUCTION. The high mortality and disability rates associated with cold injury are often a consequence of urgent amputation or disarticulation surgery. The use of the Russian gene therapy product Neovasculgen can decrease the amputation rate in patients with chronic limb ischaemia through preventing the progression of endothelial dysfunction and stimulating tissue revascularisation. The mechanism of action of Neovasculgen indicates its potential as an initial treatment option for patients presenting with frostbite and progressive tissue ischaemia. CASE REPORT . In January 2024, a 42-year-old male with secondto third-degree frostbite and threatened amputation of the left big toe was admitted to the burn unit at the V.K. Gusak Institute of Urgent and Recovery Surgery. Upon medical board consultation with specialty physicians and a clinical pharmacologist, the patient was prescribed off-label treatment with Neovasculgen. This was the first experience of using Neovasculgen in complex frostbite therapy of a patient in critical condition. The patient received periarterial injections of the medicinal product in the middle third of his left calf at a dose of 1.2 mg (at a 1:20 dilution with water for injection) on days 6 and 14 from the cold injury. The procedure was guided by Doppler ultrasonography of the calf vessels. After 2 days from the first injection, the patient experienced positive changes, including warming of the skin over the distal area of his left foot and a decrease in pain severity. After 5 days, the patient demonstrated a decrease in oedema and cyanosis of the toes, an increase in the active and passive range of toe motion, and an improvement in the supporting function of the foot. On day 15, the patient was discharged from the hospital in good condition. He had no pain or paraesthesia in his foot, and its weight-bearing ability and active and passive range of motion were fully restored. CONCLUSION. This outcome offers a potential way to improve the medical care available to patients with cold injury: Neovasculgen integration into complex frostbite therapy provides an opportunity to shorten hospitalisation and rehabilitation periods and reduce the risk of disability. However, a systematic analysis and validation of clinical efficacy and safety data and a cost-benefit analysis are needed to confirm the feasibility of cold injury treatment with Neovasculgen.