As farming practices evolve and climate conditions shift, achieving sustainable food production for a growing global population requires innovative strategies to optimize environmentally friendly practices and minimize ecological impacts. Agroecosystems, which integrate agricultural practices with the surrounding environment, play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance and ensuring food security. Rhizosphere management has emerged as a pivotal approach to enhancing crop yields, reducing reliance on synthetic fertilizers, and supporting sustainable agriculture. The rhizosphere, a dynamic zone surrounding plant roots, hosts intense microbial activity fueled by root exudates. These exudates, along with practices such as green manure application and intercropping, significantly influence the soil’s microbial community structure. Beneficial plant-associated microbes, including Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Bacillus spp., play a crucial role in improving nutrient cycling and promoting plant health, yet their interactions within the rhizosphere remain inadequately understood. This review explores how integrating beneficial microbes, green manures, and intercropping enhances rhizosphere processes to rebuild microbial communities, sequester carbon, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These practices not only contribute to maintaining soil health but also foster positive plant–microbe–rhizosphere interactions that benefit entire ecosystems. By implementing such strategies alongside sound policy measures, sustainable cropping systems can be developed to address predicted climate challenges. Strengthening agroecosystem resilience through improved rhizosphere processes is essential for ensuring food security and environmental sustainability in the future. In conclusion, using these rhizosphere-driven processes, we could develop more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems that ensure food security and environmental preservation amidst changing climate situations.

Organic amendment is important for promoting soil quality through increasing soil fertility and soil microbes. This study evaluated the effectiveness of using liquid food waste material (LFM) as a microbial resource, by analyzing the microbial community composition in LFM, and by isolating plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) from the material. High-throughput sequencing of LFM, collected every month from May to September 2018, resulted in the detection of >1000 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in the LFM. The results showed that Firmicutes was abundant and most frequently detected, followed by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria. Of the culturable strains isolated from LFM, almost all belonged to the genus Bacillus. Four strains of PGPB were selected from the isolated strains, with traits such as indole acetic acid production and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity. Lettuce growth was improved via LFM amendment with PGPB, and Brassica rapa showed significant differences in root biomass when LFM amendment was compared with the use chemical fertilizer. Field experiments using LFM showed slight differences in growth for Brassica rapa, lettuce and eggplant, when compared with the use of chemical fertilizer. LFM is a useful microbial resource for the isolation of PGPB, and its use as fertilizer could result in reduced chemical fertilizer usage in sustainable agriculture.

The application of green manure to soil improves soil health by increasing biological activity. However, little attention has been paid to the effects of different green manures on the microbiological community and soil function after incorporation. Here, it was found that the green manures of Vicia villosa (leguminous) and Brassica juncea (non-leguminous) have different fungal structures, despite the soil originally being the same. Moreover, some isolated strains showed plant-growth-promoting abilities. Three strains (H1: Penicillium spp., H2: Clonostachys spp., and H3: Trichoderma spp.) from leguminous-manure-incorporated soil and four strains (B1: Purpureocillium spp., B4: Taifanglania spp., B6: Trichoderma spp., and B10: Aspergillus spp.) from non-leguminous-manure-incorporated soil showed the potential for plant growth enhancement. Plant-growth-promoting traits revealed that four strains possessed phosphate solubilization and siderophore production, although none of them showed the ability to produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-like compounds with/without tryptophan. In addition, higher extracellular enzyme activities—including endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activities—were also detected in the soil-incorporated green manures. In conclusion, this study suggests that different fungal structures appeared when different green manures were applied, which promoted plant growth. This indicates the potential benefits of promoting the incorporation of green manure into the soil.

Globally, pest-induced crop losses ranging from 20% to 40% have spurred the extensive use of pesticides, presenting a double-edged sword that threatens not only human health but also our environment. Amidst various remediation techniques, bioremediation stands out as a compelling and eco-friendly solution. Recently, the phytomicrobiome has garnered increasing attention as endophytic microbes, colonizing plants from their roots, not only foster plant growth but also enhance the host plant’s resilience to adverse conditions. Given the persistent demand for high crop yields, agricultural soils often bear the burden of pesticide applications. Biodegradation, the transformation of complex pesticide compounds into simpler forms through the activation of microbial processes and plant-based enzymatic systems, emerges as a pivotal strategy for restoring soil health. Manipulating the phytomicrobiome may emerge as a viable solution for this purpose, offering a native metabolic pathway that catalyzes pollutant degradation through enzymatic reactions. This review delves into the pivotal role of phytomicrobiomes in the degradation of diverse pesticides in soil. It explores contemporary innovations and paves the way for discussions on future research directions in this promising field.

As farming techniques evolve and climate conditions shift, meeting the demands of a growing global population requires optimizing environmentally friendly practices and minimizing the ecological impacts of food production. Enhancing and manipulating rhizosphere processes have emerged as key strategies for promoting environmentally sustainable agriculture in the future. Considerate the relationships between soil micro-organisms and plant roots holds the possible to revolutionize agricultural production, increase crop yields, reduce dependence on synthetic fertilizers, and support sustainable farming practices through rhizosphere management. The rhizosphere, a region around plant roots, is a hotspot for microbial activity due to the exudates released by plant roots. These exudates, along with green manure cultivation and intercropping, change the structure of the soil’s microbial community. The plant provides essential nutrients to microorganisms, which in turn compete for these resources. Managing microbial com-petition in the rhizosphere, where microorganisms are abundant, is crucial. Beneficial plant-associated microbes, such as Trichoderma spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus spp., and Bacillus spp., are often employed; and these microorganisms have a one-to-one rela-tionship. However, the behavior of these inoculated microorganisms in the rhizosphere is still not fully understood. In addition, the use of green manures, intercropping, and growing multiple crops together in the same field offers various benefits. These practices promote soil health, enhance nutrient cycling, sequester carbon, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, decrease reliance on synthetic fertilizers, rebuild rhizosphere microbial communities, and provide economic advantages. These methods foster positive interactions between plants, microbes, and the rhizosphere, benefiting the entire ecosystem. The main aim of this review stands to critically explore in what way the resilience of agroe-cosystems can be strengthened through improved rhizosphere processes. By utilizing beneficial microbes, incorporating green manures, and practicing intercropping, we can support and promote sustainable cropping systems. This approach, combined with sound policy implementation, will help maintain healthy soils—an essential component of sustainable agroecosystems—and mitigate the predicted climate challenges of the near future.

| Mono-cropping agricultural activities and overuses of chemical-based fertilizers result in the deterioration of soil health and considerable economic loss. However, previous studies suggested that organic fertilizers can sustain soil health through improved soil microbial activities. Nevertheless, the effect of poultry compost and poultry fresh manure on P (Phosphatase) and C ( β -glycosidase) related enzymes activities, nitrogen mineralization, and fungal biomass in the mono-cropping soil are poorly understood. Though, the efforts were made to reveal how changes in the soil nitrogen mineralization, enzyme activities and fungal biomass influence plant growth. An incubation and pot experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of organic wastes [Poultry compost (PC), Poultry fresh manure (PFM), Chemical fertilizer (CF), and only soil (S)] was used at the quantity of 200 mg N kg -1 . We observed that soil amended with PC have produced more phosphatase and β -glycosidase enzyme activities and nitrogen mineralization (36.96 mg kg -1 ), indicating that it could be contributing to plant growth promotion. The fungal biomass increased after applying poultry compost, it also might be contributing to plant growth promotion. Therefore, poultry compost was a more suitable waste for mono-cropping soil systems than poultry fresh manure in soil enzyme activities, nitrogen mineralization, and fungal biomass. In conclusion, functional organic waste as an additive to conventional fertilization could save chemical fertilizer’s contribution and minimize soil deterioration by overuse of chemical fertilizers.