Lack of proper wastewater management infrastructure is an alarming threat to the ground water quality, especially in developing countries. The objective of this study was to investigate the transport of coliform bacteria and other pollutants through soil to ground water in Taxila (Pakistan), near the unpaved sewage drain. An experimental setup was installed with five circular columns of variable depths of 0.3, 0.3, 0.9, 1.2, and 1.8 m clayey soil, taken near from drain, filled and compacted thoroughly in the columns. The sewage was poured into experimental setup from top and treated effluent was collected from the bottom. Sewerage before and after treatment were examined regularly. The Biological oxygen demand (BOD)₅, Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Total suspended solids (TSS) and Total dissolved Solids (TDS), and coliform bacteria were monitored in the influent and effluent. Samples from the bores near the drain were also taken and analyzed. Coliform bacteria removal efficiency was 98.25%, in 1.8 m depth column, after 15th day of start. Similarly, BOD₅, COD, and TSS maximum removal efficiencies achieved at 1.8 m depth were 90, 80, and 100%, respectively. Coliform bacteria were detected from the ground water near the sewage drain. A significant concentration of coliform bacteria was detected, even at the depth of 45 m, from the bores.

Aquaculture genomics, genetics, and breeding are pivotal disciplines that enhance the efficiency and sustainability of fish farming. The advanced genomic technologies, including whole genome sequencing (WGS), genome‐wide association studies (GWAS), and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, have revolutionized our understanding of the genetic foundations of economically important traits in aquaculture species. These technologies enable the identification of genetic markers linked to growth, disease resistance, and environmental adaptability, facilitating the development of improved breeding strategies. Marker‐assisted selection (MAS) and genomic selection (GS) are now integral to breeding programs, allowing precise selection of desirable traits and accelerating genetic gain. Despite these advances, several challenges remain, including the need for extensive phenotypic and genomic databases, the complexity of polygenic traits, and ethical considerations surrounding genetic modifications. Furthermore, integrating these genomic tools into practical breeding programs necessitates bioinformatics infrastructure and expertise. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the present status of aquaculture genomics and genetics, highlighting key technological advancements and their applications in breeding programs. It also discusses the challenges faced by the industry and outlines future research priorities, such as enhancing genomic resources for under‐researched species, improving phenotypic data collection accuracy, and developing sustainable breeding practices. By addressing these challenges and leveraging genomic insights, the aquaculture industry can significantly improve productivity, sustainability, and resilience, contributing to global food security and economic growth.

This study comprehensively investigated the livelihood security scenario of fisher households employing the CARE framework with little modifications, in Kashmir, India. Primary data for this study was collected from selected fisher households, and a regression function was fitted to quantify the determinants of livelihood security. The findings revealed that fishing has been their dominant livelihood option. The landholding owned by the households was meagre enough to carry out farming or domesticate animals on commercial lines. Poor capital endowments place them at less livelihood security level; however, the respondents with diversified income have a relatively higher index value for livelihood. The regression estimates indicated that barring social and natural capital, all forms of capital have a significant role to play in securing their livelihood. Poor livelihood security, coupled with less income flow, has made their survival vulnerable to various distresses and health disorders, including the prevalence of infant and maternal mortality. Their dietary intake was undesirably less than their dietary recommendations. The COVID-19 pandemic was perceived as a shock to their livelihood security. Further, public investment, which is pertinent for the growth of the fisheries sector, has shown a discouraging trend. The study concluded with a few policy suggestions for securing the livelihood of the fisher community.