Immune cell pattern-recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play important roles in the regulation of host responses to periodontal pathogens. Our previous studies have demonstrated that immune regulatory B cells were activated by TLRs and alleviated periodontitis inflammation and bone loss. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of TLR9 signaling in the activation and IL-10 production of the primed-immune B cells in vitro. Wild-type (WT) and TLR9 knockout (TLR9KO) mice (C57BL/6 background, n = 5) were pre-immunized intraperitoneally with 1 × 10⁸ formalin-fixed P. gingivalis and boosted once with 1 × 10⁷ formalin-fixed P. gingivalis. Isolated splenocytes and purified B cells from each mouse were cultured with 1 × 10⁸ formalin-fixed P. gingivalis for 48 h. Immunocytochemistry was performed to detect CD45⁺ IL-10⁺ cells. Levels of IL-10 expression and secretion in splenocytes and B cells were detected using qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. After stimulation with fixed P. gingivalis, the percentage of CD45⁺ IL-10⁺ B cells and the level of IL-10 expression were significantly increased (p < 0.01) in splenocytes and purified B cells isolated from WT mice. However, these changes were not observed in splenocytes and purified B cells from TLR9KO mice when the cells were treated with fixed P. gingivalis. The percentage of CD45⁺ IL-10⁺ B cells was significantly reduced in splenocytes and purified B cells from TLR9KO mice compared to those from WT mice when challenged with P. gingivalis. IL-10 expression in B cells from TLR9KO mice was significantly decreased compared to those from WT mice at both the mRNA and protein levels. Additionally, P. gingivalis-induced up-regulation of TNF-α mRNA expressions were consistently observed in B cells from both WT and TLR9KO mice. P. gingivalis-induced B10 activation and IL-10 production during adaptive responses by primed B cells requires TLR9 signaling and can be achieved independent of T-cell help.

Odontogenic maxillary sinusitis (OMS) is recognized in literature, but diagnosing it is challenging due to its different and overlapping clinical presentations of it. Misdiagnosis can lead to persistent symptoms and clinical burden. Interestingly, recent guidelines from the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery lack recommendations for dental evaluation in adult sinusitis cases. To assess ENT physicians' knowledge and skills in diagnosing maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin. This study may emphasize the importance of raising awareness to help in proper diagnosis, timely referral, and efficient management of patients with maxillary sinusitis of odontogenic origin. A cross-sectional analytical study on 210 ENT specialists in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to evaluate their knowledge and ability in detecting OMS electronically. Our sample included a total of 30 (14.29%) residents, 108 (51.43%) specialists, and 72 (34.28%) consultants. In cases of unilateral maxillary sinusitis, 61.43% of all participants reported that a dental examination was unnecessary. The regression analysis showed a significant interaction effect between the number of sinusitis cases per week and being a specialist (p = 0.0370). Conversely, there was no significant interaction effect between sinusitis cases per week and being a consultant (p = 0.1408). ENT physicians underestimated the odontogenic etiology for unilateral OMS significantly. This study highlights the importance of targeted education to improve OMS detection and treatment and, ultimately, patient outcomes.

Background. Several endodontic difficulty assessment forms are available to help dental students and general dentists estimate the difficulty of the case before initiating the endodontic treatment. Objectives. This study aimed to assess if the American Association of Endodontics (AAE) case difficulty assessment form affects the dental student’s perception of the difficulty encountered while performing root canal treatment (RCT). Materials and Methods. This was a cross‐sectional online survey. After obtaining IRB approval, an electronic questionnaire was sent to dental students enrolled in the 4th and 5th years at King Saud University (KSU) and King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU‐HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was divided into informed consent, demographic data, the use of the AAE case assessment form, RCT steps, diagnosis, local anesthesia administration, tooth isolation, and endodontic procedure. Results. A total of 195 dental students participated in the study. There were 101 (52%) females, and 139 (71%) were from KSAU‐HS. A positive association was found between students who used the AAE assessment form and who did not with their ability to reach the correct diagnosis (p = 0.005), tooth isolation (p = 0.03), and endodontic procedure difficulty score (p = 0.018). Conclusion. The use of the AAE form by dental students enabled them to differentiate between complicated and uncomplicated cases, thus lowering the difficulty encountered during RCT.

This case report discusses an 11-year-old patient who experienced intrusive luxation of the anterior teeth due to trauma. The condition was treated with nonsurgical root canal treatment (NS-ReTx) followed by decoronation. Intrusive luxation, a prevalent dental injury in children, necessitates prompt intervention. Nonsurgical root canal treatment, a conservative approach, is frequently employed. Decoronation, which involves the removal of the damaged tooth structure, is crucial for access and cleaning. This procedure, followed by restorative care, can help preserve the tooth and prevent future complications. An 11-year-old male patient with luxative intrusion of teeth 11 and 21 was treated conservatively with nonsurgical root canal therapy, followed by the decoronation of tooth 11. Effective management of dental trauma in children is essential for achieving optimal long-term outcomes and promoting healthy alveolar bone development. Following established treatment protocols is vital for preserving permanent teeth and reducing complications such as root resorption. Ongoing research is dedicated to refining techniques to enhance success rates. Specialized care is critical for maintaining the integrity and supporting the growth of injured teeth in young patients. Proper management of dental trauma in children is essential for achieving optimal long-term outcomes and promoting alveolar bone development. Adhering to established treatment protocols helps preserve permanent teeth and minimize complications, such as root resorption. Ongoing research continues to refine techniques to improve success rates. Specialized care is vital for ensuring the integrity and growth of injured teeth in young patients. Alaqla A. Decoronation: A Conservative Approach Following Dental Trauma in a Pediatric Patient. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2025;18(8):997–1001.

INTRODUCTION. The review aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of holy basil (ocimum sanctum) in managing oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), focusing on its impact on clinical symptoms such as burning sensation, mouth opening, tongue protrusion, cheek flexibility, blanching, and fibrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A comprehensive search was conducted across PubMed-Medline, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar from the earliest available date upto 5 th April, 2025. Studies included were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies involving patients diagnosed with OSMF, assessing the efficacy of holy basil in any formulation (such as extract or oil) on clinical symptoms. Both Two reviewers independently performed data extraction and quality assessment using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 and ROBINS-I tools. Where appropriate, a metaanalysis (MA) was performed, where summarized raw mean (MRAW) standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated. RESULTS. A total of 7 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 5 observational and 2 experimental studies conducted in India between 2017 and 2023. The MA demonstrated significant improvements in maximal mouth opening with MRAW = 36.14 mm; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.3–49.98) and reduction in burning sensation (SMD = 2.6; 95% CI: 1.94–3.25) in patients receiving holy basil-based treatments. Substantial heterogeneity was noted for mouth opening outcomes (I ² = 96%), whereas the results for burning sensation were relatively consistent across studies (I ² < 50%). Secondary outcomes, such as cheek flexibility, were reported in only one study, restricting broader generalization. CONCLUSIONS. The findings suggest that Holy Basil, administered in various formulations, shows promising potential in improving key clinical symptoms such as maximal mouth opening, burning sensation, and tongue protrusion.