Background: The importance of bees for environmental health is known. Within the scope of this importance, it is of great importance to protect the health of bees and to prevent colony extinction. In this context, it is very important to develop effective methods in combating microorganisms, parasitoids, mites and organisms that cause disease or harm in bees. Both use different methods in terms of bee health. Result: In this study, the possibility of the bacteria isolated from Varroa destructor mite being bioinsecticide was investigated. Accordingly, six bacteria were isolated from the mite. Isolated bacteria were analyzed according to biochemical tests, molecular analysis, optimum growth pH and phylogenetic tree drawn as Pantoea dispersa (GV1), Lysinibacillus macroides (GV3), Bacillus mycoides (GV4), Lysinibacillus fusiformis (GV5), Pseodomonas lutea (GV5), Lysinibacillus varians (GV7). Lysinibacillus sp. The entomopathogenic feature of Lysinibacillus sp. ranked it as the most important species. When the insecticidal properties of bacteria were examined, they were determined as 53, 90, 62, 95, 74 and 83% for GV1, GV3, GV4, GV5, GV6 and GV7, respectively. Conclusion: Based on these results and literature review, Lysinibacillus sp. species had a high potential to be used as bioinsecticide against V. destructor mite.

Beekeeping makes significant contributions to both the agricultural economy and crop production through pollination. Protecting the health of honey bees is of critical importance. It is evaluated that in an environment without bees, crop production may decrease by 47%. Many factors in the beekeeping sector negatively affect honey production. Among these reasons, microorganism-induced diseases as well as organism-induced diseases and hazards are at the forefront. Various strategies are used to protect the health of honey bees. However, pests and diseases are still not prevented. The most important of these are chemicals due to their widespread use. These products jeopardize both bee health and bee product quality. Methods using biological materials, which are more environmentally friendly than chemical control, should be preferred. Among these methods, biological control method stands out. As a result, the use of biological products as an alternative is critical for both the health of the organisms and the elimination of residues. The use of microorganisms and their products as biological control agents in the protection of bee health will be an important step in this regard.

Beekeeping provides important contributions to the agricultural economy and crop production through pollination both in Turkey and the world. It is evaluated that without bees, the plant production can decrease by 47%. Many factors affect honey production negatively. Among these reasons, besides diseases caused by microorganisms, diseases and dangers originating from organisms are at the forefront. Today, many methods are used in the control these pests and yet they are still unavoidable. Among these methods, the biological control method is not used commonly. The aim of the study is to create a basis for the development of biopesticides to control bee diseases. In this context, as a result of the study, 16 bacteria were isolated from honey bees. While, 12 bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus, two bacteria belonging to the genus Lysinibacillus, one bacterium belonging to the genus Paenibacillus and one bacterium belonging to the genus Pantoea were obtained. Molecular and biochemical identifications of these bacteria were done and registered in GenBank and their accession numbers were obtained. cry gene analyzes of 15 bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus were performed. As it is known, cry genes have the potential to be used against pests. In the future, these bacteria and their genes will have the potential to be used as biopesticides. According to these results, the cry1 gene was observed in 8 bacteria and the cry3 gene was observed in 3 bacteria. cry2 and cry4 genes could not be detected in these bacteria. Bacteria that including cry genes are of great importance for honey bee health. Bacteria have the potential to be developed as internal biopesticides and used against different bee diseases to improve honey bee health.

Ruscus aculeatus L. (Asparagaceae) is an important species with medicinal, industrial, and ornamental uses. In this study, the oil extract and secondary metabolites obtained from the fruit of R. aculeatus were tested against some bacterial and fungal pathogens to investigate their antimicrobial properties. R. aculeatus plant was collected from Yalıncak/Trabzon in May 2024. To get essential oil, the ripe fruits of the R. aculeatus plant dry weight were weighed, crushed with a mortar and transferred to a Soxhlet cartridge. And for getting secondary metabolites, 30 grams of ground leaves were placed in two different jars containing 100 mL of ethanol and methanol. The crude extracts and the solvents were evaporated in a rotary evaporator to obtain crude extracts. The extract obtained was used for antimicrobial tests by the disc diffusion method. Firstly, each pathogen was inoculated into Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) medium by smear inoculation. Then, antibiotic discs were placed in the medium. Each disc was impregnated with 30 µl of extract. The same volume of kanamycin was used as a control. After 24 and 48 hours, the diameters of the zones formed around the discs were measured and recorded. In the antimicrobial experiment, the analysis of the ES column revealed that the compound demonstrated no efficacy against E. cloaceae, S. epidermidis, K pneumoniae, and C. albicans (p>0.01). However, it was observed to form a significant inhibition zone in other bacterial groups. At the end of the study, it was determined that the extraction was effective on Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633.