Improper disposal of household and industrial waste into water bodies has transformed them into de facto dumping grounds. Plastic debris, weathered on beaches degrades into micro-particles and releases chemical additives that enter the water. Microplastic contamination is documented globally in both marine and freshwater environments, posing a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems. The small size of these particles makes them susceptible to ingestion by low trophic fauna, a trend expected to escalate. Ingestion leads to adverse effects like intestinal blockages, alterations in lipid metabolism, histopathological changes in the intestine, contributing to the extinction of vulnerable species and disrupting ecosystem balance. Notably, microplastics (MPs) can act as carriers for pathogens, potentially causing impaired reproductive activity, decreased immunity, and cancer in various organisms. Studies have identified seven principal sources of MPs, including synthetic textiles (35%) and tire abrasion (28%), highlighting the significant human contribution to this pollution. This review covers various aspects of microplastic pollution, including sources, extraction methods, and its profound impact on ecosystems. Additionally, it explores preventive measures, aiming to guide researchers in selecting techniques and inspiring further investigation into the far-reaching impacts of microplastic pollution, fostering effective solutions for this environmental challenge.

• Silver nanoparticles, synthesized from natural sources, offer an eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical methods. • Silver nanoparticles exhibit strong antimicrobial properties, pivotal for safeguarding fish health. • Silver nanoparticles in food packaging materials can extend shelf life, reducing food waste and enhancing seafood freshness during transport and storage.

Doublesex and Mab-3-related transcription factor (DMRT) gene family is extensively known for its contribution in sex determination and differentiation across phyla. Here we report the identification of five DM (doublesex and mab-3) domain genes in the Nile tilapia which includes DMRT1, DMRTa2, DMRT2a, DMRT2b and DMRT3a. The full-length sequence of DMRT genes ranges from 3526 (DMRTA2) to 1471bp (DMRT1) which encode putative proteins series from 469 to 372 amino acids. All the DMRT proteins contained at least one conserved DNA-binding DM domain. Sub-cellular localization and gene ontology revealed DMRT1 protein is maximum localized in nuclear region and gene ontology analysis showed the molecular function of 48.2%, biological process 43.6% and cellular component 25%. Chromosomal location and synteny analysis displayed that DMRT genes mostly cluster linkage group 12. Altogether, our findings provide vital genomic information for future studies of biochemical, physiological, and phylogenetic studies on DMRT genes in teleost.

• 27 SOX (high-mobility group HMG-box) genes were identified in the C. carp genome. • SOX genes ranging from 3496 (SOX6) to 924bp (SOX17b) which coded with putative protein series from 307 to 509 amino acids. • Gene ontology revealed SOX proteins maximum involvement is in metabolic process 49.796 %. • Chromosomal location and synteny analysis display all SOX gene are located on different chromosomes.