The present study is focused on investigating the mechanical properties of hybrid polymer composites. The reinforcement materials are animal bone (ox) particulate and E-glass fiber. The matrix material is epoxy resin. The following combinations are considered for investigation: (a) bone particulate weight percent (20%, 30%, and 40%), (b) E-glass fiber weight percent (20%, 30%, and 40%), and (c) bone particulate (10%, 20%, and 30%) and E-glass fiber (30%, 20%, and 10%) with epoxy resin 60% by weight percent. The test specimens are prepared as per the required ASTM standard for tensile, compressive, and flexural tests. The test results show that maximum tensile and compressive strength observed in 40% of E-glass fiber with 60% of epoxy matrix, correspondingly, is 254.964 MPa and 37.52 MPa. The maximum flexural strength observed in E-glass fiber reinforced composites is 250.43 MPa.

Despite its higher density, viscosity, and lower calorific value, biodiesel has been explored as an alternative energy source to diesel fuel. This study investigated biodiesel produced from croton macrostachyus (CMS) seed, a non-edible feedstock. The research aimed to experimentally analyze cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and ignition delay, as well as engine performance and emission characteristics, at a constant speed of 2700 rpm under varying loads (0–80%) using diesel, B10, B15, B20, and B25 blended fuels. Among the tested blends, B25 exhibited superior performance, achieving the highest peak cylinder pressure (CP) of 58.21 bar and a maximum heat release rate (HRR) of 543.9 J/CA at 80% engine load. Conversely, B20 at 60% engine load, followed by B25 and pure diesel at 80% engine load, demonstrated the shortest ignition delay (ID) and the most advanced start of combustion (SoC). Compared to the biodiesel blends, pure diesel showed: a 5.5–14% increase in brake thermal efficiency (BTE), a 17–26% decrease in brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and a 7–12% reduction in exhaust gas temperature (EGT). Regarding emissions, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions were lower for pure diesel, while carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions were higher for biodiesel blends, attributed to their inherent oxygen content. In conclusion, CMS biodiesel displays promising characteristics, suggesting its potential suitability for use in internal combustion engines.

Nimonic alloy is difficult to machine using traditional metal cutting techniques because of the high cutting forces required, poor surface integrity, and tool wear. Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is used in a number of sectors to precisely machine complex forms of nickel-based alloy in order to attempt to overcome these challenges and provide high-quality products. The Taguchi-based design of experiments is utilized in this study to conduct the tests and analyses. The gap voltage (GV), pulse-on time (Ton), pulse-off time (Toff), and wire feed (WF), are considered as the variable process factors. GRA is used for the WEDM process optimization for the Nimonic-263 superalloy, which has multiple performance qualities including the material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (SR), and kerf width (KW). ANOVA analysis was conducted to determine the factors’ importance and influence on the output variables. Multi objective optimization techniques were employed for assessing the machining performances of WEDM using GRA. The ideal input parameter combinations were determined to be a gap voltage (GV) of 40 V, a pulse-on time (Ton) of 8 µs, a pulse-off time (Toff) of 16 µs, and a wire feed (WF) of 4 m/min. A material removal rate of 8.238 mm³/min, surface roughness of 2.83 µm, and kerf width of 0.343 mm were obtained. The validation experiments conducted also demonstrated that the predicted and experimental values could accurately forecast the responses.

The use of composites has increased exponentially in most industries, especially in the aerospace industry; the usage of composites has increased by almost 40 in the last 15years. Aerospace components are often subject to high-impact loads, so it is important to use impact-resistant materials. Kevlar is known for its high-impact resistance and is commonly used as a fiber with various resins to achieve the desired properties. This paper mainly focuses on weaving Kevlar with basalt fiber in plain weave type by the traditional handloom weaving method. The epoxy resin, along with the harder, is then mixed with the aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al₂O₃) in different percentages [1-KB1, 3-KB2, and 5-KB3] to form the matrix. The laminate fabricated is then subjected to the high-velocity bullet impact of around 250m/s. A steel hemispherical head projectile was used in the testing, and it was found to be penetrated through all the specimens making holes. The impact strength for all the different specimens was then estimated by calculating the bullet damage area and energy absorbed. The plate added with 3 Al₂O₃ nanoparticle was found to have improved impact strength when compared with the other two specimens. This plate can be used for bulletproof and other high-velocity impact applications.