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This study investigated the ventilation efficiency and energy performance of three ventilation strategies—an all-air system (AAS), a radiant panel system with a displacement ventilation system (DPS), and a radiant panel system with a decentralized ventilation system (DVS). The research analyzed the indoor air quality (IAQ) in a high-rise building based on the building’s height, the air handling unit (AHU) location, air infiltration rate, outdoor air pollution rate, seasonal change, and air filter efficiency. The results indicated that the AAS had the best performance in terms of IAQ in the high-rise building in winter; however, the AAS also had the highest annual energy demand. For the same conditions, the DVS consumed less energy but had the worst performance in maintaining a satisfactory IAQ. Considering energy consumption, it is worth developing the DVS further to improve ventilation performance. By applying a double-filter system on the lower floors in a high-rise building, the DVS’s ventilation performance was dramatically improved while at the same time consuming less energy than the original DPS and AAS. The application of DVS can also minimize the negative effect of the infiltration rate on indoor air quality (IAQ) in a building, which means that the DVS can better maintain IAQ within a healthy range for a more extended period. Moreover, it was found that the DVS still had a substantial potential for saving energy during the season when the outdoor air was relatively clean. Hence, it is highly recommended that the DVS is used in high-rise buildings.
Nuodi Fu; Moon Kim; Bing Chen; Stephen Sharples. Comparative Modelling Analysis of Air Pollutants, PM2.5 and Energy Efficiency Using Three Ventilation Strategies in a High-Rise Building: A Case Study in Suzhou, China. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8453 .
AMA StyleNuodi Fu, Moon Kim, Bing Chen, Stephen Sharples. Comparative Modelling Analysis of Air Pollutants, PM2.5 and Energy Efficiency Using Three Ventilation Strategies in a High-Rise Building: A Case Study in Suzhou, China. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (15):8453.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNuodi Fu; Moon Kim; Bing Chen; Stephen Sharples. 2021. "Comparative Modelling Analysis of Air Pollutants, PM2.5 and Energy Efficiency Using Three Ventilation Strategies in a High-Rise Building: A Case Study in Suzhou, China." Sustainability 13, no. 15: 8453.
This paper considers the potential heating and cooling energy savings from retrofitting to the Passivhaus EnerPHit standard a low-rise suburban dwelling in the southern Chinese town of Huilong, which has a hot summer/cold winter climate. An existing residential building in Huilong was chosen as a case study and a baseline digital model was created with the dynamic thermal simulation software DesignBuilder. The model was validated using 12 months of air temperature and relative humidity measurements from the building. The virtual retrofitting process of the baseline model involved insulating the envelope, improving the airtightness and adopting a high efficiency mechanical ventilation heat recovery system. It was more difficult to reach the EnerPHit cooling energy demand criterion than the heating target, and so additional passive cooling from shading and natural ventilation were adopted to finally achieve the EnerPHit standard. The final simulation results suggest that the EnerPHit standard for energy was successfully achieved, with a 90% heating energy demand reduction (down to 14.9 kWh/m2a), and a 70% cooling energy demand (down to 12.6 kWh/m2a), compared to the dwelling’s baseline values.
Chenfei Liu; Haniyeh Mohammadpourkarbasi; Steve Sharples. Evaluating the potential energy savings of retrofitting low-rise suburban dwellings towards the Passivhaus EnerPHit standard in a hot summer/cold winter region of China. Energy and Buildings 2020, 231, 110555 .
AMA StyleChenfei Liu, Haniyeh Mohammadpourkarbasi, Steve Sharples. Evaluating the potential energy savings of retrofitting low-rise suburban dwellings towards the Passivhaus EnerPHit standard in a hot summer/cold winter region of China. Energy and Buildings. 2020; 231 ():110555.
Chicago/Turabian StyleChenfei Liu; Haniyeh Mohammadpourkarbasi; Steve Sharples. 2020. "Evaluating the potential energy savings of retrofitting low-rise suburban dwellings towards the Passivhaus EnerPHit standard in a hot summer/cold winter region of China." Energy and Buildings 231, no. : 110555.
China is developing rapidly, but there is an obvious imbalance in the development level between urban and rural areas. Differences in economics, living conditions and life style contribute to differences in indoor thermal environments, and may result in differences in the perceptions of thermal comfort between urban and rural areas. Clothing insulation as one of the most important parameters that affect thermal comfort is studied in this research. A field study is conducted in the rural areas of Lankao, China. A total of 384 valid samples were acquired. 54.97% researched houses suffered extreme cold indoor temperatures between 2°C and 6°C. Clothing insulation value of researched population is significantly larger than in other research. Clothing insulation value of female is significantly larger than that of male. It was also found that clothing insulation value correlates positively with age, that clo grow with the increase of age significantly. 7-days running mean outdoor temperature was selected from four temperature indices to predict clothing insulation value. Clo value is negatively correlated with 7-days RM outdoor temperature. But, the slope is quite small in such an extreme cold condition. A case study was conducted to estimate influence of adaptive clothing insulation on heating energy consumption (from Nov. to Mar.). Results show that 863 heating hours are reduced by using adaptive clothing insulation model. The total Heating Degree Hours (HDH) is reduced from 6445 to 1367 by 78.8% which means the same percentage of heating energy conservation. Besides, this case study also concluded that "adaptive clothing insulation model" has higher influence on heating energy consumption in transition season.
Wei Zhao; David Chow; Steve Sharples. The relationship between thermal environments and clothing insulation for rural low-income residents in China in winter. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 2019, 329, 012023 .
AMA StyleWei Zhao, David Chow, Steve Sharples. The relationship between thermal environments and clothing insulation for rural low-income residents in China in winter. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019; 329 (1):012023.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei Zhao; David Chow; Steve Sharples. 2019. "The relationship between thermal environments and clothing insulation for rural low-income residents in China in winter." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 329, no. 1: 012023.
Sustainable energy technologies are frequently considered for use with buildings in order to reduce their environmental impact. However, each technology will come with its own associated embodied carbon, which might potentially represent a significant proportion of a building's total embodied carbon impact. There is a need for further studies on the embodied carbon or CO2 equivalent (CO2e) impact of sustainable energy technologies and it is important to understand how they contribute to the total CO2e budget of a building. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is used for the CO2e calculations and this paper has reviewed a significant number of existing studies. The results show that LCA methodologies can and do present information which has a significant degree of inaccuracy. Furthermore, the impact of some technologies can significantly increase the embodied CO2e impact of modern low to zero energy buildings. Considering the whole life CO2e impact of each aspect of a building is crucial for the successful creation of a truly low to zero carbon building. Many current studies omit the CO2e impact from sustainable energy technologies. This leads to results which are under representative and misleading.
Stephen Finnegan; Craig Jones; Steve Sharples. The embodied CO2e of sustainable energy technologies used in buildings: A review article. Energy and Buildings 2018, 181, 50 -61.
AMA StyleStephen Finnegan, Craig Jones, Steve Sharples. The embodied CO2e of sustainable energy technologies used in buildings: A review article. Energy and Buildings. 2018; 181 ():50-61.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephen Finnegan; Craig Jones; Steve Sharples. 2018. "The embodied CO2e of sustainable energy technologies used in buildings: A review article." Energy and Buildings 181, no. : 50-61.
Stephen Finnegan; Steve Sharples; Tom Johnston; Matt Fulton. The carbon impact of a UK safari park – Application of the GHG protocol using measured energy data. Energy 2018, 153, 256 -264.
AMA StyleStephen Finnegan, Steve Sharples, Tom Johnston, Matt Fulton. The carbon impact of a UK safari park – Application of the GHG protocol using measured energy data. Energy. 2018; 153 ():256-264.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStephen Finnegan; Steve Sharples; Tom Johnston; Matt Fulton. 2018. "The carbon impact of a UK safari park – Application of the GHG protocol using measured energy data." Energy 153, no. : 256-264.
With voluntary and mandatory energy performance standards now becoming more common around the world, schemes to develop low energy buildings have become more apparent in developed countries. The Passivhaus standard, established 25 years ago in Germany, is one the most stringent and promising low energy building standards in Europe. It started as a construction concept applied to residential buildings, but has since spread as a voluntary ultra-low energy efficient standard to different parts of the world. Qatar, a member of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states, announced in 2013 the completion of the first Passivhaus project in the Gulf Region. The current and future performance of the Passivhaus project in Qatar was investigated in this study using current and future climate scenarios. Computer modelling was used to simulate the energy performance of the house and the thermal comfort of the occupants. In addition, on-site measurements were made to corroborate the modelling outcomes. Further, the impacts of climate change on the Passivhaus project was examined, and comparative analyses were undertaken. The findings suggested that the Passivhaus performs well under the current and the future weather data sets. Furthermore, the modelling indicates that the Qatar house is close to achieving the Passivhaus standard.
May Khalfan; Steve Sharples. The Present and Future Energy Performance of the First Passivhaus Project in the Gulf Region. Sustainability 2016, 8, 139 .
AMA StyleMay Khalfan, Steve Sharples. The Present and Future Energy Performance of the First Passivhaus Project in the Gulf Region. Sustainability. 2016; 8 (2):139.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMay Khalfan; Steve Sharples. 2016. "The Present and Future Energy Performance of the First Passivhaus Project in the Gulf Region." Sustainability 8, no. 2: 139.
This study uses numerical thermal simulation to investigate the potential use of building geometry to eliminate or reduce current and future thermal discomfort overheating risk in UK Passivhaus dwellings. The study focused on the optimum inclination of a south façade to make use of the building shape to self-protect itself. Dynamic simulation modelling software was used to test a range of different inclined façades with regards to their effectiveness in reducing overheating risk. The research found that implementing a tilted façade could completely eliminate the risk of overheating for current UK climates, but with some consequences for natural ventilation and daylighting. Future overheating was significantly reduced by the tilted façade. However, geometric considerations could not eradicate completely the risk of thermal discomfort overheating, particularly by the 2080s.
Yahya Lavafpour; Steve Sharples. Summer Thermal Comfort and Self-Shading Geometries in Passivhaus Dwellings: A Pilot Study Using Future UK Climates. Buildings 2015, 5, 964 -984.
AMA StyleYahya Lavafpour, Steve Sharples. Summer Thermal Comfort and Self-Shading Geometries in Passivhaus Dwellings: A Pilot Study Using Future UK Climates. Buildings. 2015; 5 (3):964-984.
Chicago/Turabian StyleYahya Lavafpour; Steve Sharples. 2015. "Summer Thermal Comfort and Self-Shading Geometries in Passivhaus Dwellings: A Pilot Study Using Future UK Climates." Buildings 5, no. 3: 964-984.
This paper assesses the technical and economic performance of PV technology integrated into residential buildings in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. It highlights the value of PV electricity for the GCC society from the perspective of consumers, utilities and environment. Through a systematic modelling analysis it is shown that the efficiency of PV system drops by 4–6% due to high range of module temperature and also a change in power output due to high ambient temperatures. Consequently, the outputs of horizontal and vertical PV modules are found to be less than estimates based on standard test conditions. Economically, this study shows that building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems are not viable in GCC countries and cannot compete with conventional electricity sources on a unit cost basis. From a society point of view, however, the integration of PV technology into buildings would have several benefits for the GCC countries, including: first, savings in capital cost due to central power plants and transmission and distribution processes; second, an increase in the exported oil and natural gas used for electricity generation; and third, a reduction in the CO2 emissions from conventional power plants. When these considerations are taken into account then BIPV should become a feasible technology in GCC countries.
Steve Sharples; Hassan Radhi. Assessing the technical and economic performance of building integrated photovoltaics and their value to the GCC society. Renewable Energy 2013, 55, 150 -159.
AMA StyleSteve Sharples, Hassan Radhi. Assessing the technical and economic performance of building integrated photovoltaics and their value to the GCC society. Renewable Energy. 2013; 55 ():150-159.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSteve Sharples; Hassan Radhi. 2013. "Assessing the technical and economic performance of building integrated photovoltaics and their value to the GCC society." Renewable Energy 55, no. : 150-159.
The recent process of urbanisation in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCCC), including Bahrain, can increase ambient and surface temperatures in newly developed built up areas – the urban heat island (UHI) effect. This study investigates urban expansion in Bahrain over the last few decades and assesses its impact on atmospheric urban heat islands using remote sensing, advanced statistics of weather data and geographical information system (GIS). The study examines how the thermal behaviour of new urban areas is affected by urban elements, with two district models being considered. Numerical modelling is used to assess wind flow, temperatures and heat distribution fluxes within the two models. The assessment shows that mean air temperatures increase within the range of 2 °C–5 °C. The magnitude of the UHI is mainly reinforced by urban activity such as on-going construction processes, shrinkage of green areas and sea reclamation. A comparison of results between the two studied districts reveals that the mean temperature is increased by 2 °C–3 °C in new artificial islands, and by 3 °C–5 °C in deserted urban lands with hot arid conditions. The distribution of urban radiant heat islands is varied and depends largely on the type of land cover and urban surface. Urban grids and structure have a significant impact on the thermal behaviour of newly developed built up areas. Human comfort is improved in the presence of water bodies and green areas.
Hassan Radhi; Fayze Fikry; Stephen Sharples. Impacts of urbanisation on the thermal behaviour of new built up environments: A scoping study of the urban heat island in Bahrain. Landscape and Urban Planning 2013, 113, 47 -61.
AMA StyleHassan Radhi, Fayze Fikry, Stephen Sharples. Impacts of urbanisation on the thermal behaviour of new built up environments: A scoping study of the urban heat island in Bahrain. Landscape and Urban Planning. 2013; 113 ():47-61.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassan Radhi; Fayze Fikry; Stephen Sharples. 2013. "Impacts of urbanisation on the thermal behaviour of new built up environments: A scoping study of the urban heat island in Bahrain." Landscape and Urban Planning 113, no. : 47-61.
The UK government, responding to concerns over climate change impacts, has undertaken to reduce CO2 emissions to 80% of 1990 levels by 2050. This scale of reduction will require major improvements in the energy efficiency of the existing UK building stock, which is the dominant consumer of fossil fuel-generated energy. Housing is a key sector, and since 70% of all current homes in the UK will still exist in 2050 then low carbon refurbishment is critical if CO2 reduction goals are to be met. This paper uses computer modeling to examine the annual operational energy performance, long term energy cost savings and internal thermal conditions for a 19th century terraced house that was eco-refurbished to near a Passivhaus standard. The dwelling was modeled for three locations (Edinburgh, Manchester and London) using current and future climate scenarios (2020s and 2050s under high carbon emission scenarios). Simulation results suggest that there would be very little diminution in heating demand in the future for the house with no refurbishment, whilst the eco-refurbishment produced a significant reduction in energy demand and CO2 emissions. Analysis of the payback period and net present value indicate that the economic optimum varies according to energy prices and that the high construction costs incurred for an eco-refurbishment to a near Passivhaus standard could not be justified in terms of a cost/benefit analysis.
Haniyeh Mohammadpourkarbasi; Steve Sharples. The Eco-Refurbishment of a 19th Century Terraced House: Energy and Cost Performance for Current and Future UK Climates. Buildings 2013, 3, 220 -244.
AMA StyleHaniyeh Mohammadpourkarbasi, Steve Sharples. The Eco-Refurbishment of a 19th Century Terraced House: Energy and Cost Performance for Current and Future UK Climates. Buildings. 2013; 3 (1):220-244.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHaniyeh Mohammadpourkarbasi; Steve Sharples. 2013. "The Eco-Refurbishment of a 19th Century Terraced House: Energy and Cost Performance for Current and Future UK Climates." Buildings 3, no. 1: 220-244.
Maximising the natural ventilation of a building can be beneficial in terms of comfort and reduced reliance on air-conditioning. However, in urban areas this can conflict with the need to reduce the ingress of external noise. In this paper a method is presented to quantify the interaction of building noise exposure with natural ventilation potential. Finite element models of ventilation aperture sound reduction index were used to determine façade sound insulation values for naturally ventilated buildings in two locations. Road traffic noise levels at the building façade were obtained from a calculated noise map of Manchester (UK). Window openings were adjusted in the thermal simulation package and modelled with mixed mode cooling ventilation strategies (both natural and mechanical). This enabled noise considerations to be quantified in terms of building ventilation and energy use for cooling at the whole building level. For a tolerated internal road noise ingress of 34 dB(A) cooling energy consumption for the example buildings in the quieter noise locations was found to decrease by 22%–45% compared to the noisier locations. Most importantly, the introduction of noise reduction measures equal to 10 dB(A) resulted in reductions in cooling energy consumption that varied from 28% to 45% of the original cooling energy consumption. This study illustrates the importance of an integrated approach to both noise exposure and ventilation performance in urban buildings.
Michael Barclay; Jian Kang; Steve Sharples. Combining noise mapping and ventilation performance for non-domestic buildings in an urban area. Building and Environment 2011, 52, 68 -76.
AMA StyleMichael Barclay, Jian Kang, Steve Sharples. Combining noise mapping and ventilation performance for non-domestic buildings in an urban area. Building and Environment. 2011; 52 ():68-76.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael Barclay; Jian Kang; Steve Sharples. 2011. "Combining noise mapping and ventilation performance for non-domestic buildings in an urban area." Building and Environment 52, no. : 68-76.
Sustainability as a concept can become devalued if occupants’ engagements with a building are not satisfactory. This article investigated how occupants’ attitudes towards a building's ‘green’ identity interacted with the building's performance and the occupants’ overall satisfaction of the building. The research is based on a longitudinal study of nearly 2000 staff working in two UK Government office buildings that had received BREEAM ‘Excellent’ ratings. The research programme involved interviews and repeated surveys over a 2-year period. The results indicate how the gap between occupants’ expectations and their perceptions of a green building can affect their satisfaction with the building. Furthermore, it is shown that occupants’ disengagement with the building's green identity can also, eventually, impact on the building's sustainable performance.
Ida G. Monfared; Steve Sharples. Occupants’ perceptions and expectations of a green office building: a longitudinal case study. Architectural Science Review 2011, 54, 344 -355.
AMA StyleIda G. Monfared, Steve Sharples. Occupants’ perceptions and expectations of a green office building: a longitudinal case study. Architectural Science Review. 2011; 54 (4):344-355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIda G. Monfared; Steve Sharples. 2011. "Occupants’ perceptions and expectations of a green office building: a longitudinal case study." Architectural Science Review 54, no. 4: 344-355.
Sustainability as a concept can become devalued if occupants’ engagements with a building are not satisfactory. This article investigated how occupants’ attitudes towards a building's ‘green’ identity interacted with the building's performance and the occupants’ overall satisfaction of the building. The research is based on a longitudinal study of nearly 2000 staff working in two UK Government office buildings that had received BREEAM ‘Excellent’ ratings. The research programme involved interviews and repeated surveys over a 2-year period. The results indicate how the gap between occupants’ expectations and their perceptions of a green building can affect their satisfaction with the building. Furthermore, it is shown that occupants’ disengagement with the building's green identity can also, eventually, impact on the building's sustainable performance.
Ida Monfared; Steve Sharples. Occupants’ perceptions and expectations of a green office building: a longitudinal case study. Architectural Science Review 2011, 54, 344 -355.
AMA StyleIda Monfared, Steve Sharples. Occupants’ perceptions and expectations of a green office building: a longitudinal case study. Architectural Science Review. 2011; 54 (4):344-355.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIda Monfared; Steve Sharples. 2011. "Occupants’ perceptions and expectations of a green office building: a longitudinal case study." Architectural Science Review 54, no. 4: 344-355.
Steve Sharples. Guest Editorial. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 2011, 32, 7 -8.
AMA StyleSteve Sharples. Guest Editorial. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology. 2011; 32 (1):7-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSteve Sharples. 2011. "Guest Editorial." Building Services Engineering Research and Technology 32, no. 1: 7-8.
Hassan Radhi; Steve Sharples. Developing Standards for Low-Energy Buildings in the Gulf States. Architectural Science Review 2008, 51, 369 -381.
AMA StyleHassan Radhi, Steve Sharples. Developing Standards for Low-Energy Buildings in the Gulf States. Architectural Science Review. 2008; 51 (4):369-381.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassan Radhi; Steve Sharples. 2008. "Developing Standards for Low-Energy Buildings in the Gulf States." Architectural Science Review 51, no. 4: 369-381.