With the rapid development of animal husbandry, forage resources are increasingly scarce. Improving the utilization rate of forage products and silage efficiency of planting is an urgent problem to be solved. This experiment used high moisture alfalfa at the budding stage with a water content of 71.4% from saline-alkali and non-saline-alkali soils as raw materials, setting up four experimental groups: non-saline-alkali alfalfa without additives (HNS-CK), non-saline-alkali alfalfa with compound lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum + Lactobacillus buchneri + Pediococcus pentosaceus + Lactobacillus kimchi, HNS-L4), saline-alkali alfalfa without additives (HS-CK), and saline-alkali alfalfa with compound lactic acid bacteria (HS-L4). After 60 days of silage, the quality and microbial diversity of the silage were tested. The results showed that the dry matter (DM) and lactic acid (LA) of the HNS-L4 group were significantly higher than those of the HS-L4 (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in crude protein (CP) between the HNS-L4 group and the HS-L4 (P < 0.05). The neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), pH of the HNS-L4 group were all lower than those of the HS-L4. The results of the microbial community showed that compared with the non-additives group, the Shannon index decreased and the Simpson index increased in the compound lactic acid bacteria group, indicating a significant reduction in microbial diversity in the silage environment (P < 0.05). The dominant bacteria in the HNS-CK and HS-CK groups were Enterobacteriaceae, while the dominant bacteria in the HNS-L4 and HS-L4 groups were Lactobacillus. At the phylum level, the dominant bacteria in alfalfa after lactic acid bacteria treatment were Firmicutes, which were significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.05). Therefore, compound lactic acid bacteria can improve the quality of alfalfa silage in both saline alkali and non-saline-alkali soils, with saline-alkali soils being better than non-saline-alkali soils, and both can reduce microbial diversity.

Elesesterpenes A–K (1–11), eleven new lupane-type triterpenoids, triterpenoid glycosides, and nortriterpenoid were isolated from the leaves of Eleutherococcus sessiliflorus. Their structures and relative configurations were completely elucidated by a combination of diverse methods including physical, spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of elesesterpenes A–B (1–2) was defined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Meanwhile, all the isolates were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activities on lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in BV2 microglial cells, and antiproliferative activities against human hepatoma (HepG2), human lung adenocarcinoma (A549), and human glioma cells (LN229) in vitro. It was found that some of them exhibited obvious anti-inflammatory activities and potent antiproliferative activities.

In order to explore the effects of different silage inoculants on the silage quality of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), this study utilized six groups of experimental treatments and five kinds of additive treatments: Xinlaiwang I straw silage (group A), Xinlaiwang I alfalfa silage (group B), Zhuanglemei silage starter culture (group C), Baoshiqing (group D), Kangfuqing S lactic acid bacteria silage (group E), and another blank control group (CK group, distilled water). The effect of silage on fermentation characteristics and nutritional value of Adina alfalfa silage was studied by membership function analysis. The main study variable was inoculant strains. Alfalfa silage was packed into polyethylene plastic vacuum bags in the laboratory and sealed for 60 days. The silage was divided into six treatment groups with three replicates per group. The fermentation performance and nutrient composition of the silage were determined. The results showed that compared with the control group, adding Xinlaiwang I alfalfa silage (group B) could significantly increase the contents of crude protein (CP) and lactic acid (LA) in alfalfa silage (p < 0.05), decrease the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), and decrease the pH and ammoniacal nitrogen/total nitrogen (AN/TN). The results showed that different inoculants could improve the silage quality of alfalfa to different extent, and Xinlaiwang I alfalfa silage had the best effect.

In order to explore the effect of different silage microbial inoculants on the silage quality of WL358HQ Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), the test consists of the following six treatments: Xinlaiwang I—straw silage inoculant (A), Xinlaiwang I—alfalfa silage inoculant (B), Zhuang Le Mei silage inoculant (C), Baoshiqing (D), KOFASIL S lactic acid bacteria silage inoculant (E) and distilled water (F). Nutritional and fermentation indexes were determined after 60 days of natural fermentation at room temperature. The results showed that the contents of crude protein (CP) and water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) of the B treatment were higher than other treatments. The Relative Feed Value (RFV) of the B treatment was high, the lactic acid (LA) content of the B treatment was significantly increased (p < 0.05) and the contents of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), pH and ammoniacal nitrogen/total nitrogen (AN/TN) of the B treatment were low. The results showed that treatment B has the best ensilage effect and the highest ensilage membership function, which can effectively improve the quality of WL358 alfalfa silage.

To promote the utilization of sunflower straw resources, we conducted composting experiments in winter and summer with microbial inoculants to explore the effects of season and inoculant addition on physicochemical properties and microbial diversity during composting.The results indicated that both season and microbial agents significantly influenced the physicochemical characteristics of the compost, as well as the diversity and abundance of bacteria and fungi. On day 15 of composting, the application of the FAB (Commercial composite microbial inoculant+Candida utilis+Bacillus licheniformis) inoculant in the summer effectively promoted the humification of organic matter and enhanced nitrification. Furthermore, a distinct seasonal difference in its effect on phosphorus transformation was observed earlier, on day 5. While the FAB inoculant promoted phosphorus transformation in winter, it inhibited the process in summer. In the winter treatments, the relative abundance of Firmicutes ranged from 24.58 % to 30.70 %, which was higher than that in the summer treatments (12.49 %-28.16 %). In summer, the abundance of Proteobacteria followed the order FBX (Commercial composite microbial inoculant+Bacillus licheniformis) > FABX (Commercial composite microbial inoculant+Candida utilis+Bacillus licheniformis) > BX (Bacillus licheniformis) > ABX (Candida utilis+Bacillus licheniformis), with the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the CKX group being 16.52 %. In contrast, all groups in winter exhibited the opposite trend, with the CK group showing the highest abundance. Certain fungal phyla exhibited contrasting seasonal distribution patterns: Basidiomycota was significantly enriched during winter, with its relative abundance reaching 27.36 % in the FB group, while Fungi_phy_Incertae_sedis predominated in summer, with a relative abundance of 19.38 % in the BX group. Correlation analysis further revealed that total potassium (TK), organic matter (OM), and nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) were significantly correlated with bacterial community composition. The fungal community composition, on the other hand, was correlated with factors such as total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), TK, ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), OM, the C/N ratio (C/N), and NO₃^--N.

Managing moisture content is crucial for optimizing the fermentation quality of alfalfa silage; however, the underlying mechanisms of water spraying follow