This paper presents the results of the current present species composition of the genus Allium L. (Amaryllidaceae) of the western part of the Kyrgyz Alatau. The phylogeny, ploidy, and chorological data are presented, and a checklist of species of the genus Allium in the study area is compiled. The large subgenera of Allium, including Melanocrommyum, have been identified, reflecting their prevalence in the mountainous regions of Central Asia. Ploidy of some species (A. artrosanguineum and A. turkestanicum) of the genus Allium growing in the western part of the Kyrgyz Alatau were studied for the first time using flow cytometry methods. The nrITS sequencing was used to construct a phylogenetic tree including sequences from the NCBI database. The phylogenetic tree of species of the genus Allium of the Kyrgyz Alatau was compiled taking into account previously published data. The list of studied Allium species in the Kyrgyz Alatau is represented by 25 species, which include seven subgenera and 17 sections. Also, the nomenclature of onion species is brought to the modern understanding of some species names. Based on specimens of the genus Allium collected in the western part of the Kyrgyz Alatau, an integral assessment of the current species composition using molecular–genetic, cytometric, and traditional botanical methods was carried out.

The paper presents data on the phylogeny, anatomy of vegetative organs, phytocenosis composition, and ploidy of two populations of endemic Allium lehmannianum Merckl. ex-Bunge. in the flora of northeastern Betpakdala. Some discrepancies in nomenclature and sectional affiliation are discussed and corrected. Allium lehmannianum belongs to the section Multicaulea F. O. Khass. and & Yenglal. subgenus Allium, the main range covering the eastern Old Mediterranean region. The ploidy of Allium lehmannianum was studied for the first time using flow cytometry techniques. The sequencing of nrITS was used to construct a phylogenetic tree, including sequences from the NCBI database. The phylogenetic tree of A. lehmannianum was compiled by taking into account previously published data. During the fieldwork in the northeastern part of Betpakdala, the species was found to grow in a rubbly, stony, weakly undulating plain in two different communities. In this work, we applied molecular genetic, cytometric, and anatomical studies on the collected samples of two populations from the northeastern part of the Betpakdala desert to determine the taxonomic composition of a relict and endemic species of Kazakhstan.

Allium oreophilum, hitherto the representative of the monotypic A. subg. Porphyroprason from the second evolutionary lineage of Allium, is studied in detail. Over about 150 years, A. oreophilum was regarded as a somewhat polymorphous species with two synonyms, all described in the 19th century. A detailed molecular analysis (ITS and three chloroplast DNA regions: trnQ‐rps16 and trnL‐trnF intergenic spacers, rps16 intron) of altogether 33 living samples and herbarium specimens showed, however, that the previously described species A. oreophilum, A. ostrowskianum and A. platystemon must be considered good species, and two additional taxa must be newly described. All these taxa are morphologically compared, and an identification key is provided. Three species were karyologically investigated, possessing 2n = 16 chromosomes but showing different karyotypes. A dated phylogeny based on the ITS mutation rate revealed that A. subg. Porphyroprason and subg. Vvedenskya diversified into two sister groups around 21.52 million years ago, in the early Miocene. The possible biogeographic scenario of the origin of A. subg. Porphyroprason, subg. Vvedenskya and other subgenera is presented. A morphological comparison of specimens available from different cultures showed an astonishing variation of characters, and other unidentified taxa of this subgenus likely exist in nature.

The article discusses the results of comparative analysis of morphological, anatomical and molecular genetic structure of species Arthrophytum longibracteatum, Arthrophytum balchaschense, and Haloxylon aphyllum). Morphological-anatomical and molecular genetic methods were used during the study. To clarify the correctness of species identification, the collected specimens were compared with the Type specimen of Arthrophytum balchaschense stored at the Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction (AA). Other herbaria specimens of this species stored in the AA herbarium and herbaria collections: MW LE and TASH were also reviewed. With the help of QGIS programme, a map of the location points of the studied specimens was made. The conducted studies allowed to form a proof base of clear belonging of Arthrophytum balchaschense to the genus Haloxylon. This circumstance became the reason for the necessity of nomenclatural changes consisting in assignment of Arthrophytum balchaschense to the genus Haloxylon under the name Haloxylon balchaschense (Iljin) Osmonali, Veselova & Kudab. This species has a central-eastern-North Turanian distribution, being endemic to the flora of Kazakhstan.

This paper presents the results of the modern species composition of the genus Allium L. (Amaryllidaceae) of the western part of the Kyrgyz Alatau. The data on phylogeny, ploidy, chorological data are presented and a modern prospectus of species of the genus Allium in the study area is compiled. Large subgenera of Allium and Melanocrommyum are revealed, which proves the general regularity for mountainous regions of Central Asia. Ploidy of some species (A. artrosanguineum and A. turkestanicum) of the genus Allium growing in the western part of the Kyrgyz Alatau were studied for the first time using flow cytometry methods. The nrITS sequencing was used to construct a phylogenetic tree including sequences from the NCBI database. The phylogenetic tree of species of the genus Allium of the Kyrgyz Alatau was compiled taking into account previously published data. In the course of field studies and literature data, the list of studied Allium species in the Kyrgyz Alatau is represented by 25 species, which include 7 subgenera and 17 sections. Also, the nomenclature of onion species is brought to the modern understanding of some species names. Based on specimens of the genus Allium collected in the western part of the Kyrgyz Alatau, an integral assessment of the current species composition using molecular-genetic, cytometric and traditional botanical methods was carried out.

The genus Pulsatilla (Pasqueflower) is a taxonomically complex object of study. Previous works on the creation of the genus system were based mainly on either the morphology of basal and cauline leaves or on genetic data. In our study, the system of pasqueflowers was revised taking into account an additional set of data, including palynological, morphological, molecular-genetic and some biological characteristics. For this purpose, the morphology of peduncles, fruits, basal and whorled leaves was described, details of the pollen grain surface were studied and genetic data for some species were supplemented. The most significant features in the revision of the genus system were the morphology of pollen grains, whorled leaves, androecium: the presence or absence of staminodes and the color of the anthers. According to the results obtained, we proposed to consider the genus Pulsatilla consisting of 5 subgenera. We have accepted the subgenera Kostyczewianae and Preonanthus in their traditional volume. From the subgenus Pulsatilla we have separated two more subgenera – Bungeanae, Albanae, and new sections were also identified: Magadanenses, Tenuilobeae.