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Pumped Thermal Energy Storages (PTES) are suitable for bridging temporary energy shortages, which may occur due to the utilization of renewable energy sources. A combined heat pump (HP)-Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system with suitable thermal storage offers a favorable way to store energy for small to medium sized applications. To address the aspect of flexibility, the part load behavior of a combined HP-ORC system, both having R1233zd(E) (Trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene) as working fluid and being connected through a water filled sensible thermal energy storage, is investigated using a MATLAB code with integration of the fluid database REFPROP. The influence on the isentropic efficiency of the working machines and therefore the power to power efficiency (P2P) of the complete system is shown by variation of the mass flow and a temperature drop in the thermal storage. Further machine-specific parameters such as volumetric efficiency and internal leakage efficiency are also considered. The results show the performance characteristics of the PTES as a function of the load. While the drop in storage temperature has only slight effects on the P2P efficiency, the reduction in mass flow contributes to the biggest decrease in the efficiency. Furthermore, a simulation for dynamic load analysis of a small energy grid in a settlement is conducted to show the course of energy demand, supplied energy by photovoltaic (PV) systems, as well as the PTES performance indicators throughout an entire year. It is shown that the use of PTES is particularly useful in the period between winter and summer time, when demand and supplied photovoltaic energy are approximately equal.
Bernd Eppinger; Mustafa Muradi; Daniel Scharrer; Lars Zigan; Peter Bazan; Reinhard German; Stefan Will. Simulation of the Part Load Behavior of Combined Heat Pump-Organic Rankine Cycle Systems. Energies 2021, 14, 3870 .
AMA StyleBernd Eppinger, Mustafa Muradi, Daniel Scharrer, Lars Zigan, Peter Bazan, Reinhard German, Stefan Will. Simulation of the Part Load Behavior of Combined Heat Pump-Organic Rankine Cycle Systems. Energies. 2021; 14 (13):3870.
Chicago/Turabian StyleBernd Eppinger; Mustafa Muradi; Daniel Scharrer; Lars Zigan; Peter Bazan; Reinhard German; Stefan Will. 2021. "Simulation of the Part Load Behavior of Combined Heat Pump-Organic Rankine Cycle Systems." Energies 14, no. 13: 3870.
The life cycle assessment of components is becoming increasingly important for planning and construction. In this paper, a novel storage technology for excess electricity consisting of a heat pump, a heat storage and an organic rankine cycle is investigated with regards to its environmental impact. Waste heat is exergetically upgraded, stored in a hot water storage unit and afterwards reconverted to electricity when needed. Such a pilot plant on a lab scale is currently built in Germany. The first part of this paper focuses on geothermal energy as a potential heat source for the storage system and its environmental impact. For a large scale application, geothermal hotspots in Germany are further investigated. The second part analyzes the storage technology itself and compares it to the impacts of commonly used battery storage technologies. Especially during the manufacturing process, significantly better global warming potential values are shown compared to lithium-ion and lead batteries. The least environmental impact while operating the system is with wind power, which suggests an implementation of the storage system into the grid in the northern part of Germany.
Daniel Scharrer; Bernd Eppinger; Pascal Schmitt; Johan Zenk; Peter Bazan; Jürgen Karl; Stefan Will; Marco Pruckner; Reinhard German. Life Cycle Assessment of a Reversible Heat Pump – Organic Rankine Cycle – Heat Storage System with Geothermal Heat Supply. Energies 2020, 13, 3253 .
AMA StyleDaniel Scharrer, Bernd Eppinger, Pascal Schmitt, Johan Zenk, Peter Bazan, Jürgen Karl, Stefan Will, Marco Pruckner, Reinhard German. Life Cycle Assessment of a Reversible Heat Pump – Organic Rankine Cycle – Heat Storage System with Geothermal Heat Supply. Energies. 2020; 13 (12):3253.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaniel Scharrer; Bernd Eppinger; Pascal Schmitt; Johan Zenk; Peter Bazan; Jürgen Karl; Stefan Will; Marco Pruckner; Reinhard German. 2020. "Life Cycle Assessment of a Reversible Heat Pump – Organic Rankine Cycle – Heat Storage System with Geothermal Heat Supply." Energies 13, no. 12: 3253.
This paper presents two epidemiological models that have been developed in order to study the disease dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic and exit strategies from the lockdown which has been imposed on many countries world-wide. A strategy is needed such that both the health system is not overloaded letting people die in an uncontrolled way and also such that the majority of people can get back their social contacts as soon as possible. We investigate the potential effects of a combination of measures such as continuation of hygienic constraints after leaving lockdown, isolation of infectious persons, repeated and adaptive short-term contact reductions and also large-scale use of antibody tests in order to know who can be assumed to be immune and participate at public life without constraints. We apply two commonly used modeling approaches: extended SEIR models formulated both as System Dynamics and Agent-Based Simulation, in order to get insight into the disease dynamics of a complete country like Germany and also into more detailed behavior of smaller regions. We confirm the findings of other models that without intervention the consequences of the pandemic can be catastrophic and we extend such findings with effective strategies to overcome the challenge. Based on the modeling assumptions it can be expected that repeated short-term contact reductions will be necessary in the next years to avoid overload of the health system and that on the other side herd immunity can be achieved and antibody tests are an effective way to mitigate the contact reductions for many.
Reinhard German; Anatoli Djanatliev; Lisa Maile; Peter Bazan; Holger Hackstein. Modeling Exit Strategies from COVID-19 Lockdown with a Focus on Antibody Tests. 2020, 1 .
AMA StyleReinhard German, Anatoli Djanatliev, Lisa Maile, Peter Bazan, Holger Hackstein. Modeling Exit Strategies from COVID-19 Lockdown with a Focus on Antibody Tests. . 2020; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleReinhard German; Anatoli Djanatliev; Lisa Maile; Peter Bazan; Holger Hackstein. 2020. "Modeling Exit Strategies from COVID-19 Lockdown with a Focus on Antibody Tests." , no. : 1.
As the penetration of intelligent and ICT-enabled household devices grows, the need for better understanding of their benefits and threats rises. On the one hand, these devices enable new smart grid applications, such as demand response, which have the potential to improve the usage of energy supply and eventually lead to minimizing the electricity costs. On the other hand, the fine-grained consumption readings can be exploited to reveal private information about the household such as the type of devices and inhabitants behavior. In this paper, we present a co-simulation framework that captures two important worlds of the smart grid, namely the communication world and power world. Real data as well as simulation models are used to simulate several home appliances. The power grid simulator OpenDSS is used to implement the home level power grid, and the data communication simulator OMNeT++ is used to control the behavior of the devices as well as to implement the data communication network. Through a case study, we show how it is possible to integrate privacy approaches inside demand response for a better privacy-preserving smart metering.
Abdalkarim Awad; Peter Bazan; Reinhard German. A House Appliances-Level Co-simulation Framework for Smart Grid Applications. Advanced Controllers for Smart Cities 2018, 303 -317.
AMA StyleAbdalkarim Awad, Peter Bazan, Reinhard German. A House Appliances-Level Co-simulation Framework for Smart Grid Applications. Advanced Controllers for Smart Cities. 2018; ():303-317.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdalkarim Awad; Peter Bazan; Reinhard German. 2018. "A House Appliances-Level Co-simulation Framework for Smart Grid Applications." Advanced Controllers for Smart Cities , no. : 303-317.
Storage of electricity from fluctuating renewable energy sources has become one of the predominant challenges in future energy systems. A novel system comprises the combination of a heat pump and an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with a simple hot water storage tank. The heat pump upgrades low temperature heat with excess power. The upgraded heat can drive an Organic Rankine Process using the heat pump in reverse operation mode. This approach allows a comparably efficient storage of excess electricity. Waste heat sources usually do not qualify for electricity production even with ORC processes due to low temperatures. Upgrading the temperature of the waste heat by means of excess electricity makes the use of an ORC feasible in order to recover the electricity input. Thermodynamic cycle simulations with IPSEpro software outline that the process provides power-to-power efficiencies in a range of 50% for small-scale applications based on commercially available heat pump components. The isentropic efficiency of compressors/expanders plays a crucial role on the system performance. Applications of the proposed cycle in the megawatt range with more efficient turbines and dynamic compressors will therefore increase the power-to-power efficiency to above 70%.
Sebastian Staub; Peter Bazan; Konstantinos Braimakis; Dominik Müller; Christoph Regensburger; Daniel Scharrer; Bernd Schmitt; Daniel Steger; Reinhard German; Sotirios Karellas; Marco Pruckner; Eberhard Schlücker; Stefan Will; Jürgen Karl. Reversible Heat Pump–Organic Rankine Cycle Systems for the Storage of Renewable Electricity. Energies 2018, 11, 1352 .
AMA StyleSebastian Staub, Peter Bazan, Konstantinos Braimakis, Dominik Müller, Christoph Regensburger, Daniel Scharrer, Bernd Schmitt, Daniel Steger, Reinhard German, Sotirios Karellas, Marco Pruckner, Eberhard Schlücker, Stefan Will, Jürgen Karl. Reversible Heat Pump–Organic Rankine Cycle Systems for the Storage of Renewable Electricity. Energies. 2018; 11 (6):1352.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSebastian Staub; Peter Bazan; Konstantinos Braimakis; Dominik Müller; Christoph Regensburger; Daniel Scharrer; Bernd Schmitt; Daniel Steger; Reinhard German; Sotirios Karellas; Marco Pruckner; Eberhard Schlücker; Stefan Will; Jürgen Karl. 2018. "Reversible Heat Pump–Organic Rankine Cycle Systems for the Storage of Renewable Electricity." Energies 11, no. 6: 1352.
Modern driver assistance systems for self-driving cars often rely on data collected by different sensors to determine the necessary system decisions. To prevent system failures, different validation techniques are used. The development is often split between car manufacturers and suppliers, whereby the requested test effort is one main project acceptance criterion. Already available effort estimation methods are not applicable, because they rely on implementation details that do not exist at early phases or on project experiences or individual expert expectations, which are not reliable enough to be employed as trustworthy source. Therefore, we provide in this paper an analytic approach for the computation of the error probability of a multi-sensor system. Based on this, we can give estimations for the test effort such that with statistical confidence no errors of the sensor system can be expected during the tests. The approach is able to take both the dependencies between successive sensor errors and the correlation between different sensors into account, mainly by using discrete time Markov chains. The provided approach therefore allows to design multi-sensor systems such that a specified overall error probability can be met and to give an estimation for the upper bound of the test effort.
Florian Bock; Sebastian Siegl; Peter Bazan; Peter Buchholz; Reinhard German. Reliability and test effort analysis of multi-sensor driver assistance systems. Journal of Systems Architecture 2018, 85-86, 1 -13.
AMA StyleFlorian Bock, Sebastian Siegl, Peter Bazan, Peter Buchholz, Reinhard German. Reliability and test effort analysis of multi-sensor driver assistance systems. Journal of Systems Architecture. 2018; 85-86 ():1-13.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlorian Bock; Sebastian Siegl; Peter Bazan; Peter Buchholz; Reinhard German. 2018. "Reliability and test effort analysis of multi-sensor driver assistance systems." Journal of Systems Architecture 85-86, no. : 1-13.
Abdalkarim Awad; Peter Bazan; Reinhard German. A Short Tutorial On Using SGsim Framework For Smart Grid Applications. Proceedings of the 10th EAI International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and Tools 2017, 1 .
AMA StyleAbdalkarim Awad, Peter Bazan, Reinhard German. A Short Tutorial On Using SGsim Framework For Smart Grid Applications. Proceedings of the 10th EAI International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and Tools. 2017; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdalkarim Awad; Peter Bazan; Reinhard German. 2017. "A Short Tutorial On Using SGsim Framework For Smart Grid Applications." Proceedings of the 10th EAI International Conference on Performance Evaluation Methodologies and Tools , no. : 1.
The development of cyber-physical systems such as highly integrated, safety-relevant automotive functions is challenged by an increasing complexity resulting from both customizable products and numerous soft- and hardware variants. In order to reduce the time to market for scenarios like these, a systematic analysis of the dependencies between functions, as well as the functional and technical variance, is required (cf. ISO 26262). In this paper we introduce a new approach which allows for a compact representation and analysis of failure mechanisms of systems marked by numerous variants, also: Product Line Fault Tree (PLFTs), in a unified data structure based on Multi-valued Decision Diagram (MDDs). Therefore, instead of analyzing the Fault Tree (FT) of each variant separately, the proposed method enables one to analyze the FT in a single step. Summing up, this article introduces a systematic modeling concept to analyze fault propagation in variant-rich systems.
Michael Käßmeyer; Rüdiger Berndt; Peter Bazan; Reinhard German. Product Line Fault Tree Analysis by Means of Multi-valued Decision Diagrams. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2016, 122 -136.
AMA StyleMichael Käßmeyer, Rüdiger Berndt, Peter Bazan, Reinhard German. Product Line Fault Tree Analysis by Means of Multi-valued Decision Diagrams. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2016; ():122-136.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichael Käßmeyer; Rüdiger Berndt; Peter Bazan; Reinhard German. 2016. "Product Line Fault Tree Analysis by Means of Multi-valued Decision Diagrams." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 122-136.
This Research in Progress Paper deals with a simulation approach for a virtual mass storage composed of small distributed battery energy storage units, installed in households with a roof-top photovoltaic system. On the one hand the household’s internal consumption of photovoltaic energy is maximized and on the other hand primary control reserve power is provided by a central storage controller. This concept is academically approved and rolled out in the field within this project. First simulation results show a household’s benefit of installing a battery energy storage system and an accurate working of the implemented virtual mass storage.
David Steber; Peter Bazan; Reinhard German. SWARM - Increasing Households’ Internal PV Consumption and Offering Primary Control Power with Distributed Batteries. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2015, 3 -11.
AMA StyleDavid Steber, Peter Bazan, Reinhard German. SWARM - Increasing Households’ Internal PV Consumption and Offering Primary Control Power with Distributed Batteries. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2015; ():3-11.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDavid Steber; Peter Bazan; Reinhard German. 2015. "SWARM - Increasing Households’ Internal PV Consumption and Offering Primary Control Power with Distributed Batteries." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 3-11.
The increase of renewable energies leads to new solutions in the field of decentralized energy storage. Houses with photovoltaic systems and battery storage systems can provide services for the power grid. But the isolated examination of only a few houses neglects the interaction of the houses with the power grid. We combine a model of the German energy system and a model of houses with photovoltaics and batteries. The two coupled hierarchical simulation models are then used to study different scenarios regarding the extension of renewable energy sources in Bavaria. Due to differences between the forecasted and real residual load and restrictions in the transmission grid, provision of control power is needed. The case studies show the amount of control power that will be provided by the houses with battery storage systems. In addition, the impacts on the electricity costs per year for a house are shown.
Peter Bazan; Marco Pruckner; David Steber; Reinhard German. Hierarchical Simulation of the German Energy System and Houses with PV and Storage Systems. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV 2015, 12 -23.
AMA StylePeter Bazan, Marco Pruckner, David Steber, Reinhard German. Hierarchical Simulation of the German Energy System and Houses with PV and Storage Systems. Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV. 2015; ():12-23.
Chicago/Turabian StylePeter Bazan; Marco Pruckner; David Steber; Reinhard German. 2015. "Hierarchical Simulation of the German Energy System and Houses with PV and Storage Systems." Transactions on Petri Nets and Other Models of Concurrency XV , no. : 12-23.