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This paper analyses the relationship between Nitrous Oxide emissions, agricultural land use, and economic growth in Pakistan. Agriculture largely contributes to Nitrous Oxide emissions. Hence, models of agriculture induced Nitrous Oxide emissions are estimated in addition to models of total Nitrous Oxide emissions. Estimated models accommodate more flexible forms of relationship between economic growth and emissions than those of the widely adopted models in testing the Environmental Kuznets Curve. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach to co-integration and the vector error correction model approach is applied to test the Environmental Kuznets’s Curve hypothesis for Pakistan and to detect the directions of causality among variables using the time series data for the period 1971 to 2012. Results indicate that an N-shaped rather than an inverted U-shaped relationship exists in the case of Pakistan. The tipping values for total Nitrous Oxide emissions and agriculturally induced Nitrous Oxide emissions indicate that Pakistan passes through a phase of increasing environmental degradation. Increases in agricultural land use and per capita energy use will increase the level of Nitrous Oxide emissions. However, controlling Nitrous Oxide emissions from agricultural land use and per capita, energy use without adversely affecting economic development will be a serious policy challenge for Pakistan.
Azad Haider; Muhammad Ul Husnain; Wimal Rankaduwa; Farzana Shaheen. Nexus between Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Agricultural Land Use in Agrarian Economy: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2808 .
AMA StyleAzad Haider, Muhammad Ul Husnain, Wimal Rankaduwa, Farzana Shaheen. Nexus between Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Agricultural Land Use in Agrarian Economy: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (5):2808.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzad Haider; Muhammad Ul Husnain; Wimal Rankaduwa; Farzana Shaheen. 2021. "Nexus between Nitrous Oxide Emissions and Agricultural Land Use in Agrarian Economy: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach." Sustainability 13, no. 5: 2808.
This study aims to achieve two main objectives; first, it provides a brief but critical description of the empirical literature on the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) in terms of history, origin, micro-foundations, measurement of environmental degradation, methodologies and samples. Second, it examines the curious attraction of the EKC despite considerable criticism it has attracted over time. The motivation stems from the mixed results probably due to different econometric techniques, sample periods, country-specific factors and environmental indicators used to test EKC. The study concludes that of course, the EKC has attracted a great deal of criticism, but its survival power is undeniable. Different taxonomies of the approaches to explain income-environment nexus have been established by various commentators producing different results under different scenarios. It is still equally important among researchers to interpret the relationship between income and pollution due to its charismatic characteristics; therefore, the empirical literature on EKC continues to grow despite criticism on its validity and assumptions. However, we should not be convinced that economic growth on its own will solve environmental ills. The proposition that affluent countries will invest heavily to level off and gradually contain their environmental pollution should not be persuaded. Therefore, policymakers must not encourage unlimited economic growth to cure environmental problems.
Muhammad Iftikhar Ul Husnain; Azad Haider; Muhammad Aamir Khan. Does the environmental Kuznets curve reliably explain a developmental issue? Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 28, 11469 -11485.
AMA StyleMuhammad Iftikhar Ul Husnain, Azad Haider, Muhammad Aamir Khan. Does the environmental Kuznets curve reliably explain a developmental issue? Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 28 (9):11469-11485.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Iftikhar Ul Husnain; Azad Haider; Muhammad Aamir Khan. 2020. "Does the environmental Kuznets curve reliably explain a developmental issue?" Environmental Science and Pollution Research 28, no. 9: 11469-11485.
The environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) establishes a hypothetical link between economic growth and environmental degradation and has been tested empirically using various measures of pollution, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. However, few studies have focused on N2O emissions, despite their projected lifetime of 114 years and 300 times greater warming potential than CO2. Employing panel data for the period 1980 to 2012, this study uses the EKC to investigate N2O emissions, including those resulting from agriculture, economic growth, agricultural land use, and exports. Two groups of data are extracted from the panel data: the first group contains the top 15 countries, ranked by N2O emissions, measured in thousand metric tons of CO2, while the second group contains the top 18 countries, ranked by share of agriculture in GDP. A pooled mean group approach developed by Pesaran et al. (1999) is used to determine whether long-run relationships exist between the variables after determined by the Hausman test. The results show that N2O emissions and economic growth are co-integrated in both panels, providing evidence in favour of the EKC. In addition, agricultural land use has a positive and significant effect on N2O emissions. That is, if countries wish to reduce their N2O emissions or agricultural N2O emissions, they should optimize or reduce the use of agricultural land.
Azad Haider; Arooj Bashir; Muhammad Iftikhar Ul Husnain. Impact of agricultural land use and economic growth on nitrous oxide emissions: Evidence from developed and developing countries. Science of The Total Environment 2020, 741, 140421 .
AMA StyleAzad Haider, Arooj Bashir, Muhammad Iftikhar Ul Husnain. Impact of agricultural land use and economic growth on nitrous oxide emissions: Evidence from developed and developing countries. Science of The Total Environment. 2020; 741 ():140421.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzad Haider; Arooj Bashir; Muhammad Iftikhar Ul Husnain. 2020. "Impact of agricultural land use and economic growth on nitrous oxide emissions: Evidence from developed and developing countries." Science of The Total Environment 741, no. : 140421.
Whereas adaptations to climate change in the agriculture sector are well studied, non-climatic drivers thereof are considerably less explored. This is particularly true for market related factors. Every change in farming practices is attributed to climate change. This article presents new evidence of how adaptations to market risks may be incorrectly attributed to climate change risk because of causal attribution bias emerging from poorly structured survey instrument and response inducing questions. Through a quasi-experiment administered on 400 rural farming households from four districts of Pakistan, we demonstrate that when farmers are not sensitized about climate change prior to questions on adaptations they assign market factors such as availability of new market opportunities, improved purchasing power, and net profitability as major reason for changes in sowing date, growing new crop verity and use of fertilizers. To be exact, less than 2% and 1% of farmers indicated climate change as the reason behind the change in crop variety and use of fertilizers respectively. Similarly, only 10% of farmers associated late sowing with climate change. Findings of the study imply a stronger role of the market-related factors in changing agricultural practices over the time asking policymakers to design better market-based interventions and incentives for increasing the adaptation in the agriculture community. Findings have also implications for mix method research and can be generalized for all research fields involving survey design.
Sajid Amin Javed; Azad Haider; Muhammad Nawaz. How agricultural practices managing market risk get attributed to climate change? Quasi-experiment evidence. Journal of Rural Studies 2019, 73, 46 -55.
AMA StyleSajid Amin Javed, Azad Haider, Muhammad Nawaz. How agricultural practices managing market risk get attributed to climate change? Quasi-experiment evidence. Journal of Rural Studies. 2019; 73 ():46-55.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajid Amin Javed; Azad Haider; Muhammad Nawaz. 2019. "How agricultural practices managing market risk get attributed to climate change? Quasi-experiment evidence." Journal of Rural Studies 73, no. : 46-55.
Presently, the demand of energy in Pakistan is higher than supply and also the energy mix is based on expensive fuels. To resolve the energy problems of Pakistan, it is needed to implement various supply and demand side actions through a unified energy policy under well functional regulatory system. Furthermore, the energy mix of Pakistan should base on low cost indigenous energy resources along with a maximum share of renewable energy.
Anwar Zeb; Shoaib Ahmad; Azad Haider; Abdul Basit; Muhammad Salman. How to Resolve Energy Problems of Pakistan? 2018 International Conference on Power Generation Systems and Renewable Energy Technologies (PGSRET) 2018, 1 -4.
AMA StyleAnwar Zeb, Shoaib Ahmad, Azad Haider, Abdul Basit, Muhammad Salman. How to Resolve Energy Problems of Pakistan? 2018 International Conference on Power Generation Systems and Renewable Energy Technologies (PGSRET). 2018; ():1-4.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAnwar Zeb; Shoaib Ahmad; Azad Haider; Abdul Basit; Muhammad Salman. 2018. "How to Resolve Energy Problems of Pakistan?" 2018 International Conference on Power Generation Systems and Renewable Energy Technologies (PGSRET) , no. : 1-4.
Purpose The empirical literature on climate change and agriculture does not adequately address the issue of potential endogeneity between climatic variables and agriculture, which makes their estimates unreliable. This paper aims to investigate the relationships between climate change and agriculture and test the potential reverse causality and endogeneity of climatic variables to agriculture. Design/methodology/approach This study introduces a geographical instrument, longitude and latitude, for temperature to assess the impact of climate change on agriculture by estimating regression using IV-two-stage least squares method over annual panel data for 60 countries for the period of 1999-2011. The identification and F-statistic tests are used to choose and exclude the instrument. The inclusion of some control variables is supposed to reduce the omitted variable bias. Findings The study finds a negative relationship between temperature and agriculture. Surprisingly, the magnitude of the coefficient on temperature is mild, at least 20 per cent, as compared to previous studies, which may be because of the use of the instrumental variable (IV), which is also supported by an alternative robust measure when estimated across different regions. Practical implications The study provides strong implications for policymakers to confront climate change, which is an impending danger to agriculture. In designing effective policies and strategies, policymakers should focus not only on crop production but also on other agricultural activities such as livestock production and fisheries, in addition to national and international socio-economic and geopolitical dynamics. Originality/value This paper contributes to the growing literature in at least four aspects. First, empirical settings introduce an innovative geographical instrument, Second, it includes a wider set of control variables in the analysis. Third, it extends previous studies by involving agriculture value addition. Finally, the effects of temperature and precipitation on a single aggregate measure, agriculture value addition, are separately investigated.
Muhammad Iftikhar Ul Husnain; Arjunan Subramanian; Azad Haider. Robustness of geography as an instrument to assess impact of climate change on agriculture. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 2018, 10, 654 -669.
AMA StyleMuhammad Iftikhar Ul Husnain, Arjunan Subramanian, Azad Haider. Robustness of geography as an instrument to assess impact of climate change on agriculture. International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management. 2018; 10 (5):654-669.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Iftikhar Ul Husnain; Arjunan Subramanian; Azad Haider. 2018. "Robustness of geography as an instrument to assess impact of climate change on agriculture." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 10, no. 5: 654-669.
This paper evaluates the potential impact of education levels of immigrants and Canadian-born on economic growth in Canada and its smaller provinces by using data for the period 2006–2013. We specify a production function in which levels of educational attainments of immigrants and Canadian-born workers are entered separately. Feasible generalized least square (FGLS) method is applied to estimate the production function separately for all immigrants, and also for established immigrants (those who have been in Canada for 10 years or longer). The results show that all educational levels of immigrants have positive and statistically significant effects on economic growth. A similar conclusion applies to Canadian-born workers, although the impacts of their university degree holders is lower than that of immigrant university degree holders. Both immigrant and Canadian-born workers have smaller effects on economic growth in smaller provinces, which have attracted larger numbers of immigrants in recent years. The results also show that the economic growth effects are similar for all and established immigrants. Although these results are consistent with previous findings on discounting of immigrants’ educational credentials, more data are needed to strengthen their validity. We also suggest that the higher economic growth impact of immigrant university degree holders than that of Canadian-born is indicative of greater social returns to higher education resulting from increased diversity of population which in turn, as some previous studies suggest, can result in increased technological innovation, new ideas, and production of a wide variety of goods and services.
Ather H. Akbari; Azad Haider. Impact of Immigration on Economic Growth in Canada and in its Smaller Provinces. Journal of International Migration and Integration 2017, 19, 129 -142.
AMA StyleAther H. Akbari, Azad Haider. Impact of Immigration on Economic Growth in Canada and in its Smaller Provinces. Journal of International Migration and Integration. 2017; 19 (1):129-142.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAther H. Akbari; Azad Haider. 2017. "Impact of Immigration on Economic Growth in Canada and in its Smaller Provinces." Journal of International Migration and Integration 19, no. 1: 129-142.
In this study the authors undertake an empirical investigation into the nexus between government education expenditure and economic growth in Sri Lanka during the period 1960-2015. The direct and indirect effects of government expenditure on economic growth are estimated. The impact of decentralization of education sector in1987 on these effects are analysed. Sri Lanka’s experience under decentralization (1988-2015) is compared to the experience of Canada (1990-2014). The study finds a negative direct effect and a positive indirect effect of education expenditure on economic growth in Sri Lanka, and a positive direct effect and a negative indirect effect in Canada. The study also finds a positive direct effect and a negative indirect effect of non-education expenditure of government on economic growth in Sri Lanka. Redirecting government expenditure in favour of education, without substantially improving factor productivities in education sector, will generate a negative impact on economic growth in Sri Lanka.
Wimal Rankaduwa; Azad Haider; N. S. Cooray. Education Expenditure and Economic Growth Under Decentralization: An Empirical Study of Sri Lanka and Canada. Decentralization and Development of Sri Lanka Within a Unitary State 2017, 311 -327.
AMA StyleWimal Rankaduwa, Azad Haider, N. S. Cooray. Education Expenditure and Economic Growth Under Decentralization: An Empirical Study of Sri Lanka and Canada. Decentralization and Development of Sri Lanka Within a Unitary State. 2017; ():311-327.
Chicago/Turabian StyleWimal Rankaduwa; Azad Haider; N. S. Cooray. 2017. "Education Expenditure and Economic Growth Under Decentralization: An Empirical Study of Sri Lanka and Canada." Decentralization and Development of Sri Lanka Within a Unitary State , no. : 311-327.
This article examines the impact of trade liberalization, that is, reduction of tariff and non-tariff barriers on trade balance, in Pakistan over the period 1982–2013. The results reveal that reduction of average effective tariff rate improves trade balance in the short run, while lowering of non-tariff barriers deteriorates trade balance in the long run as well as in the short run. The analysis also suggests that depreciation of real effective exchange rate and foreign income causes an improvement in the trade balance, whereas domestic income deteriorates it. The negative association between the reduction in non-tariff barriers and trade balance worsens sustainability of current account of the balance of payments in Pakistan.
Muhammad Arshad Khan; Atif Ali Jaffri; Faisal Abbas; Azad Haider. Does Trade Liberalization Improve Trade Balance in Pakistan? South Asia Economic Journal 2017, 18, 158 -183.
AMA StyleMuhammad Arshad Khan, Atif Ali Jaffri, Faisal Abbas, Azad Haider. Does Trade Liberalization Improve Trade Balance in Pakistan? South Asia Economic Journal. 2017; 18 (2):158-183.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Arshad Khan; Atif Ali Jaffri; Faisal Abbas; Azad Haider. 2017. "Does Trade Liberalization Improve Trade Balance in Pakistan?" South Asia Economic Journal 18, no. 2: 158-183.
Despite the pregnancy complications related to home births, homes remain yet major place of delivery in Pakistan and 65 percent of totals births take place at home. This work analyses the determinants of place of delivery in Pakistan. Multivariate Logistic regression is used for analysis. Data are extracted from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (2006–07). Based on information on last birth preceding 5 years of survey, we construct dichotomous dependent variable i.e. whether women deliver at home (Coded=1) or at health facility (coded=2). Bivariate analysis shows that 72% (p≤0.000) women from rural area and 81% women residing in Baluchistan delivered babies at home. Furthermore 75% women with no formal education, 81% (p≤0.000) women working in agricultural sector, 75% (p≤0.000) of Women who have 5 and more children and almost 77% (p≤0.000) who do not discussed pregnancy related issues with their husbands are found delivering babies at home. Multivariate analysis documents that mothers having lower levels of education, economic status and empowerment, belonging to rural area, residing in provinces other than Punjab, working in agriculture sector and mothers who are young are more likely to give births at home. A trend for home births, among Pakistani women, can be traced in lower levels of education, lower autonomy, poverty driven working in agriculture sector, higher costs of using health facilities and regional backwardness.
Sajid Amin Javed; Muhammad Danish Anjum; Waqas Imran; Azad Haider; Ayesha Shiraz; Farzana Shaheen; Muhammad Iftikhar Ul Husnain. Correlates of preferences for home or hospital confinement in Pakistan: evidence from a national survey. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2013, 13, 137 -137.
AMA StyleSajid Amin Javed, Muhammad Danish Anjum, Waqas Imran, Azad Haider, Ayesha Shiraz, Farzana Shaheen, Muhammad Iftikhar Ul Husnain. Correlates of preferences for home or hospital confinement in Pakistan: evidence from a national survey. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2013; 13 (1):137-137.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSajid Amin Javed; Muhammad Danish Anjum; Waqas Imran; Azad Haider; Ayesha Shiraz; Farzana Shaheen; Muhammad Iftikhar Ul Husnain. 2013. "Correlates of preferences for home or hospital confinement in Pakistan: evidence from a national survey." BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 13, no. 1: 137-137.
For a small open economy of Pakistan, exchange rate is determined through the two alternative theories; the nominal theory of exchange rate named by Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and the real theory known as Harrod Balassa Sameulson (HBS). According to the requirements of theories, two kinds of real exchange rate have been employed for the yearly data of 1972-2008. As, both of the theories are disputed at the ground of their long run relationship with real exchange rate, therefore, the VAR based Johenson Co-integration approach has been utilised to see the long run relationships. PPP has shown less satisfactory results either in its form of absolute version or relative version. Because, real exchange rate in Pakistan is a non-stationary process by Augmented Dickey Fuller unit-root test, predicting some pushing force behind the non-tradable sector. While favouring the PPP in tradable sector, the ADF and KPSS are indicating the presence of the HBS in Pakistan. On the other hand, the analysis of the HBS through co-integration is showing that relative productivity difference has an opposite relationship with relative non-tradable sector prices and with RER. However, the relationship between relative non-tradable sector prices and RER is much stronger and according to the theory. So, there have been incorporated some demand side and external factors to reduce the mis-specification of the simple HBS model. Therefore, in the extended HBS model, productivity difference, government consumption expenditure, terms of trade and world oil prices are appreciating the RER and money supply (a control variable) is pursuing depreciation in RER. So, these results yield some policy implications for Pakistan which can be useful for developing countries as well. JEL classification: E0, E31, E44 Keywords: Harrod-Balassa-Samuelson, Exchange Rate, Purchasing Power Parity, Pakistan
Sunila Jabeen; Waseem Shahid Malik; Azad Haider. Testing the Harrod Balassa Sameulson Hypothesis: The Case of Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review 2011, 50, 379 -399.
AMA StyleSunila Jabeen, Waseem Shahid Malik, Azad Haider. Testing the Harrod Balassa Sameulson Hypothesis: The Case of Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review. 2011; 50 (4II):379-399.
Chicago/Turabian StyleSunila Jabeen; Waseem Shahid Malik; Azad Haider. 2011. "Testing the Harrod Balassa Sameulson Hypothesis: The Case of Pakistan." The Pakistan Development Review 50, no. 4II: 379-399.
The present paper discuss the nature of structural changes in employment to understand jobless growth in Pakistan for the period spanning over 1967-2008. In our work (elsewhere)1 analysing Pakistan at sectoral level to find underlying factors generating jobless growth, we found that Jobless growth in manufacturing sector was anticipated. Industrial sector has a significant importance in any economy across the glob. Recent changes in the use of capital—based foreign technology has resulted in substitution of labour with non-labour inputs such as capital. Employment shifts between industrial sectors are often witnessed as indicators of Structural change in an economy. In this paper we are more interested in the nature of structural change that took place in Pakistan economy over 1967-2008. We set to analyse four commonly used measures of sectoral reallocation proposed by Lilien (1982), Groshen and Potter (2003), Rissman (1997), and Aaronson, Rissman and Sullivan (2004). Findings of our work are suggesting that the economy of Pakistan underwent structural change during periods of recession and recovery. However, it does appear that structural changes were more pronounced at the time of 1969 recession than that of 1991 recession. A plausible explanation for this result might be significant shifts in employment from agriculture towards services sectors. We conclude, based on the evidence from our study, that sectoral reallocation is one of the major causes of jobless growth in Pakistan.
Azad Haider. Can Sectoral Re-allocation Explain the Jobless Growth? Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review 2010, 49, 705 -718.
AMA StyleAzad Haider. Can Sectoral Re-allocation Explain the Jobless Growth? Empirical Evidence from Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review. 2010; 49 (4II):705-718.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzad Haider. 2010. "Can Sectoral Re-allocation Explain the Jobless Growth? Empirical Evidence from Pakistan." The Pakistan Development Review 49, no. 4II: 705-718.