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The configuration is essential to diagnose the status of the grounding grid, but the orientation of the unknown grounding grid is ultimately required to diagnose its configuration explicitly. This paper presents a transient electromagnetic method (TEM) to determine grounding grid orientation without excavation. Unlike the existing pathological solutions, TEM does not enhance the surrounding electromagnetic environment. A secondary magnetic field as a consequence of induced eddy currents is subjected to inversion calculation. The orientation of the grounding grid is diagnosed from the equivalent resistivity distribution against the circle perimeter. High equivalent resistivity at a point on the circle implies the grounding grid conductor and vice versa. Furthermore, various mesh configurations including the presence of a diagonal branch and unequal mesh spacing are taken into account. Simulations are performed using COMSOL Multiphysics and MATLAB to verify the usefulness of the proposed method.
Aamir Qamar; Inzamam Ul Haq; Majed Alhaisoni; Nadia Nawaz Qadri. Detecting Grounding Grid Orientation: Transient Electromagnetic Approach. Applied Sciences 2019, 9, 5270 .
AMA StyleAamir Qamar, Inzamam Ul Haq, Majed Alhaisoni, Nadia Nawaz Qadri. Detecting Grounding Grid Orientation: Transient Electromagnetic Approach. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9 (24):5270.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAamir Qamar; Inzamam Ul Haq; Majed Alhaisoni; Nadia Nawaz Qadri. 2019. "Detecting Grounding Grid Orientation: Transient Electromagnetic Approach." Applied Sciences 9, no. 24: 5270.
Optimising the orientation of the unknown grounding grid is effective to measure its accurate configuration. On the other hand, burial depth and conductors’ current are essential for the status diagnosis of grounding grid. This study employs the derivative method to determine the above-grounding grid characteristics without excavation. Surface magnetic flux density after the current injection process is subjected to derivative on the circle. The orientation of the grounding grid is accurately measured from the location of gradient peaks. Moreover, the grounding grid depth and conductors current are calculated from peaks width and peak value. The problem of substation intense electromagnetic environment that readily distorts the results of the proposed method is also addressed. Blind source separation famous technique, the fast independent component analysis (FastICA), is utilised to separate the original signal from the mixed signal. Furthermore, the authors also probe the influence of circle radius for the alarming case of a diagonal conductor. Mathematical reasoning, simulation, and experimental results illustrate that the proposed method is feasible to find the inverse features of grounding grid. Furthermore, the signal recovered through FastICA delivers results with high accuracy.
Aamir Qamar; Zahoor Uddin; Fan Yang. Inverse features extraction for substation grounding grid: derivative and ICA combinatorial approach. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 2019, 13, 5457 -5466.
AMA StyleAamir Qamar, Zahoor Uddin, Fan Yang. Inverse features extraction for substation grounding grid: derivative and ICA combinatorial approach. IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution. 2019; 13 (24):5457-5466.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAamir Qamar; Zahoor Uddin; Fan Yang. 2019. "Inverse features extraction for substation grounding grid: derivative and ICA combinatorial approach." IET Generation, Transmission & Distribution 13, no. 24: 5457-5466.
Grounding grid depth is one of the important factors to diagnose the grounding grid faults. However, due to the drawing loss and back fill during the reconstruction, the real buried depth of the grounding grid is changed and unknown. A magnetostatic method to calculate grounding grid depth is proposed in this Letter. Initially, the proposed method is applied on a single buried conductor where the depth is calculated from the extremum points in the surface magnetic flux density function. Furthermore, the branch current is calculated from the main peak value in the derivative of magnetic flux density function. Finally, a comparative analysis is performed regarding grounding grid depth and branch current. It is shown that the horizontal component of surface magnetic flux density yields results with low error as compared to the vertical component.
A. Qamar; W. Khan; S.R. Naqvi; F. Alam Orakzai. Non‐destructive depth detection approach for substation grounding grids based on magnetostatics. Electronics Letters 2019, 55, 1121 -1123.
AMA StyleA. Qamar, W. Khan, S.R. Naqvi, F. Alam Orakzai. Non‐destructive depth detection approach for substation grounding grids based on magnetostatics. Electronics Letters. 2019; 55 (21):1121-1123.
Chicago/Turabian StyleA. Qamar; W. Khan; S.R. Naqvi; F. Alam Orakzai. 2019. "Non‐destructive depth detection approach for substation grounding grids based on magnetostatics." Electronics Letters 55, no. 21: 1121-1123.
The grounding grid is a key part of substation protection, which provides safety to personnel and equipment under normal as well as fault conditions. Currently, the topology of a grounding grid is determined by assuming that its orientation is parallel to the plane of earth. However, in practical scenarios, the assumed orientation may not coincide with the actual orientation of the grounding grid. Hence, currently employed methods for topology detection fails to produce the desired results. Therefore, accurate detection of grounding grid orientation is mandatory for measuring its topology accurately. In this paper, we propose a derivative method for orientation detection of grounding grid in high voltage substations. The proposed method is applicable to both equally and unequally spaced grounding grids. Furthermore, our method can also determine the orientation of grounding grid in the challenging case when a diagonal branch is present in the mesh. The proposed method is based on the fact that the distribution of magnetic flux density is perpendicular to the surface of the earth when a current is injected into the grid through a vertical conductor. Taking the third order derivative of the magnetic flux density, the main peak coinciding with the position of underground conductor is accurately obtained. Thus, the main peak describes the orientation of buried conductor of grounding grid. Simulations are performed using Comsol Multiphysics 5.0 to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method. Our results demonstrate that the proposed method calculate the orientation of grounding grid with high accuracy. We also investigate the effect of varying critical parameters of our method.
Aamir Qamar; Muhammad Umair; Fan Yang; Zeeshan Kaleem; Muhammad Uzair. Derivative Method Based Orientation Detection of Substation Grounding Grid. Energies 2018, 11, 1873 .
AMA StyleAamir Qamar, Muhammad Umair, Fan Yang, Zeeshan Kaleem, Muhammad Uzair. Derivative Method Based Orientation Detection of Substation Grounding Grid. Energies. 2018; 11 (7):1873.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAamir Qamar; Muhammad Umair; Fan Yang; Zeeshan Kaleem; Muhammad Uzair. 2018. "Derivative Method Based Orientation Detection of Substation Grounding Grid." Energies 11, no. 7: 1873.
Aamir Qamar; Fan Yang; Naidong Xu; Syed Ahmar Shah. Solution to the inverse problem regarding the location of substation’s grounding grid by using the derivative method. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 2018, 56, 549 -558.
AMA StyleAamir Qamar, Fan Yang, Naidong Xu, Syed Ahmar Shah. Solution to the inverse problem regarding the location of substation’s grounding grid by using the derivative method. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. 2018; 56 (4):549-558.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAamir Qamar; Fan Yang; Naidong Xu; Syed Ahmar Shah. 2018. "Solution to the inverse problem regarding the location of substation’s grounding grid by using the derivative method." International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics 56, no. 4: 549-558.
Aamir Qamar; Nadir Shah; Zeeshan Kaleem; Zahoor Uddin; Farooq Alam Orakzai. BREAKPOINT DIAGNOSIS OF SUBSTATION GROUNDING GRID USING DERIVATIVE METHOD. Progress In Electromagnetics Research M 2017, 57, 73 -80.
AMA StyleAamir Qamar, Nadir Shah, Zeeshan Kaleem, Zahoor Uddin, Farooq Alam Orakzai. BREAKPOINT DIAGNOSIS OF SUBSTATION GROUNDING GRID USING DERIVATIVE METHOD. Progress In Electromagnetics Research M. 2017; 57 ():73-80.
Chicago/Turabian StyleAamir Qamar; Nadir Shah; Zeeshan Kaleem; Zahoor Uddin; Farooq Alam Orakzai. 2017. "BREAKPOINT DIAGNOSIS OF SUBSTATION GROUNDING GRID USING DERIVATIVE METHOD." Progress In Electromagnetics Research M 57, no. : 73-80.