Recent advancements in ultraviolet (UV) photodetection technology have driven intensive research on zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials due to their exceptional optoelectronic properties. This review systematically examines the fundamental detection mechanisms in ZnO-based UV photodetectors (UVPDs), including photoconductivity effects, the threshold dimension phenomenon and light-modulated interface barriers. Based on these mechanisms, a large surface barrier due to surface-adsorbed O₂ is generally constructed to achieve a high sensitivity. However, this improvement is obtained with a decrease in response speed due to the slow desorption and re-adsorption processes of surface O₂ during UV light detection. Various improvement strategies have been proposed to overcome this drawback and keep the high sensitivity, including ZnO–organic semiconductor interfacing, defect engineering and doping, surface modification, heterojunction and the Schottky barrier. The general idea is to modify the adsorption state of O₂ or replace the adsorbed O₂ with another material to build a light-regulated surface or an interface barrier, as surveyed in the third section. The critical trade-off between sensitivity and response speed is also addressed. Finally, after a summary of these mechanisms and the improvement methods, this review is concluded with an outlook on the future development of ZnO nanomaterial UVPDs.

In recent years, inorganic perovskite solar cells (IPSCs), especially those based on CsPbI₂Br, have attracted considerable attention owing to their exceptional thermal stability and a well-balanced combination of light absorption and phase stability. This review provides an extensive overview of the latest progress in CsPbI₂Br PSCs, focusing on film deposition techniques, crystallization control, interface engineering, and charge transport layers (CTLs). High-efficiency CsPbI₂Br PSCs can be achieved through the optimization of these key aspects. Various strategies, such as solvent engineering, component/additive engineering, and interface optimization, have been explored to enhance the quality of CsPbI₂Br films and improve device performance. Despite significant progress, challenges remain, including the need for even higher quality films, a deeper understanding of interface energetics, and the exploration of novel CTLs. Additionally, long-term stability continues to be a critical concern. Future research should focus on refining film preparation methods, developing sophisticated interfacial layers, exploring compatible charge transport materials, and ensuring device durability through encapsulation and moisture-resistant materials.

In the development of flexible smart electronics, fabricating electrodes with optimized architectures to achieve superior electrochemical performance remains a significant challenge. This study presents a two-step synthesis and characterization of a polypyrrole (PPy)-MnO₂/carbon cloth (CC) nanocomposite. The MnO₂/CC substrate was first prepared via the hydrothermal method, followed by uniform PPy coating through vapor-phase polymerization in the presence of an oxidizing agent. Electrochemical measurements revealed substantial enhancement in performance, with the specific capacitance increasing from 123.1 mF/cm² for the MnO₂/CC composite to 324.5 mF/cm² for the PPy/MnO₂/CC composite at a current density of 2.5 mA/cm². This remarkable improvement can be attributed to the synergistic effects between the conductive PPy polymer and MnO₂/CC substrate and the formation of additional ion transport channels facilitated by the PPy coating. This work provides valuable insights for designing high-performance electrode materials and advances the development of composite-based energy storage devices.

A non-flammable carbonate electrolyte (LiTFSI/FEC/TTE) forms LiF-rich SEI/CEI, enabling stable cycling of NCM811∥Gr batteries at 4.5 V.