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Prof. Angela Lo Monaco
Department of Agricolture and Forest Science (DAFNE) University of Tuscia

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Journal article
Published: 11 June 2021 in Coatings
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The aim of the present work is to investigate the surface properties and the effect of a water-based coating on chestnut wood (Castanea sativa Mill.), both untreated and thermally treated. Chestnut is very common throughout the Mediterranean region and its wood is widely used as timber, especially in Central Italy, to build window fixtures and doors which have to be decay-resistant, even in historical buildings. Traditional techniques have been used in combination with Hyperspectral Imaging which had never been used before to examine thermally treated wood. Specifically, colour, roughness, micro-hardness, wear and contact angle measurements have been performed on untreated and thermally treated chestnut wood, covered by a commercial water-based coating named Idrolinfo. Hyperspectral analysis has been demonstrated to be appropriate to discriminate the heat treatment and the presence of the water-based product. The applied techniques showed that the best performances are obtained with the 170 °C heat treatment. The water-based coating demonstrated its validity when applied to untreated and heat-treated wood at 140 °C and 170 °C. The main findings showed that chestnut wood increased or maintained its properties if treated at those temperatures without undergoing a major colour change, acquiring good hydrophobicity, both if uncoated or treated with the water-based coating.

ACS Style

Claudia Pelosi; Gianluca Rubino; Giuseppe Capobianco; Luca Lanteri; Giorgia Agresti; Giuseppe Bonifazi; Silvia Serranti; Rodolfo Picchio; Angela Lo Monaco. A Multi-Technique Approach to Evaluate the Surface Properties of Heat-Treated Chestnut Wood Finished with a Water-Based Coating. Coatings 2021, 11, 706 .

AMA Style

Claudia Pelosi, Gianluca Rubino, Giuseppe Capobianco, Luca Lanteri, Giorgia Agresti, Giuseppe Bonifazi, Silvia Serranti, Rodolfo Picchio, Angela Lo Monaco. A Multi-Technique Approach to Evaluate the Surface Properties of Heat-Treated Chestnut Wood Finished with a Water-Based Coating. Coatings. 2021; 11 (6):706.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Pelosi; Gianluca Rubino; Giuseppe Capobianco; Luca Lanteri; Giorgia Agresti; Giuseppe Bonifazi; Silvia Serranti; Rodolfo Picchio; Angela Lo Monaco. 2021. "A Multi-Technique Approach to Evaluate the Surface Properties of Heat-Treated Chestnut Wood Finished with a Water-Based Coating." Coatings 11, no. 6: 706.

Journal article
Published: 11 June 2021 in Land
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Engineering applications can be used to mitigate the adverse effects of soil compaction and amend compacted soils. Previous literature has highlighted the beneficial effects of interventions such as litter mulching and incorporation on skid trails. However, little is known about the effectiveness of these alternatives in restoring forest soil quality after forest logging. The objective of this study was to properly elucidate the effects of the above mentioned soil protection methods, litter incorporation before skidding (LI) and litter mulching after skidding (LM), on the recovery of compacted soil’s physico-chemical and biological properties on skid trails over a 2-year period in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran to identify the best option for restoration intervention. The litter used in both methods consisted of dried leaves of the hornbeam and maple tree in three intensities of 3, 6, and 9 Mg ha−1. The results showed that the application of both methods (LI and LM) significantly improved the soil properties when compared to the untreated skid trail. Results showed that the recovery values of soil properties in the LI treatments were significantly higher than those of the LM. The recovery values of soil properties by 6 and 9 Mg ha−1 were significantly higher than those of 3 Mg ha−1, while the differences were not significant between 6 and 9 Mg ha−1. Our findings showed that soil properties were partially recovered (70–80%) over a 2-year period from treatment, compared to untreated, but the full recovery of soil properties required more time to return to the pre-harvest value. Overall, the results of this study demonstrated that the application of soil protection methods accelerates the process of recovering soil properties much faster than natural soil recovery, which can take more than 20 years in these forests.

ACS Style

Meghdad Jourgholami; Azadeh Khoramizadeh; Angela Lo Monaco; Rachele Venanzi; Francesco Latterini; Farzam Tavankar; Rodolfo Picchio. Evaluation of Leaf Litter Mulching and Incorporation on Skid Trails for the Recovery of Soil Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties of Mixed Broadleaved Forests. Land 2021, 10, 625 .

AMA Style

Meghdad Jourgholami, Azadeh Khoramizadeh, Angela Lo Monaco, Rachele Venanzi, Francesco Latterini, Farzam Tavankar, Rodolfo Picchio. Evaluation of Leaf Litter Mulching and Incorporation on Skid Trails for the Recovery of Soil Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties of Mixed Broadleaved Forests. Land. 2021; 10 (6):625.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meghdad Jourgholami; Azadeh Khoramizadeh; Angela Lo Monaco; Rachele Venanzi; Francesco Latterini; Farzam Tavankar; Rodolfo Picchio. 2021. "Evaluation of Leaf Litter Mulching and Incorporation on Skid Trails for the Recovery of Soil Physico-Chemical and Biological Properties of Mixed Broadleaved Forests." Land 10, no. 6: 625.

Journal article
Published: 03 June 2021 in Forests
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High-temperature treatment of wood is a useful method for improving certain physical characteristics, ensuring durability without biocides, and improving the performance of wood when exposed to degradation agents. This work aims to determine the effects induced by a heat treatment performed industrially on ayous wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum) from Cameroon, through the study of the main physical and mechanical characteristics. The heat treatment at 215 °C for three hours with a slight initial vacuum determined a reduction of the mechanical characteristics (compression strength 26%, static bending 46%, Brinell hardness 32%) and some physical properties (dry density 11%, basic density 9%), while it improved the behaviour towards variations of environment moisture. The anti-shrinkage efficiency was 58.41 ± 5.86%, confirming the increase of the dimensional stability. The darkening (ΔE 34.76), clearly detectable (L* 39.69 ± 1.13; a* 10.59 ± 081; b* 18.73 ± 1.51), was supported almost equally by both the lightness parameter (L*) and the a* chromatic parameter. The data collected during the laboratory tests were then subjected to statistical analysis to verify correlations between the characteristics examined. Statistical differences were highlighted between each physical and mechanical properties of ayous wood modified or not.

ACS Style

Emiliano Gennari; Rodolfo Picchio; Angela Lo Monaco. Industrial Heat Treatment of Wood: Study of Induced Effects on Ayous Wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum). Forests 2021, 12, 730 .

AMA Style

Emiliano Gennari, Rodolfo Picchio, Angela Lo Monaco. Industrial Heat Treatment of Wood: Study of Induced Effects on Ayous Wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum). Forests. 2021; 12 (6):730.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emiliano Gennari; Rodolfo Picchio; Angela Lo Monaco. 2021. "Industrial Heat Treatment of Wood: Study of Induced Effects on Ayous Wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum)." Forests 12, no. 6: 730.

Journal article
Published: 31 December 2020 in Forests
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There has been a severely negative impact on soil water resources in temperate forests caused by the introduction of the type of heavy machinery in the forestry sector used for forest harvesting operations. These soil disturbances increase the raindrop impact on bare mineral soil, decrease infiltration rate, detach soil particles, and enhance surface flow. According to several studies, the role of slope gradient influence on runoff and soil loss continues to be an issue, and therefore more study is needed in both laboratory simulations and field experiments. It is important to define and understand what the impacts of slope gradient in harvesting practices are, so as to develop guidelines for forest managers. More knowledge on the key factors that cause surface runoff and soil loss is important in order to limit any negative results from timber harvesting operations performed on hilly terrains in mountainous forests. A field setting using a runoff plot 2 m2 in size was installed to individualize the effects of different levels of slope gradient (i.e., 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40%) on the surface runoff, runoff coefficient, and sediment yield on the skid trails under natural rainfall conditions. Runoff and sediment yield were measured with 46 rainfall events which occurred during the first year after machine traffic from 17 July 2015 to 11 July 2016 under natural conditions. According to Pearson correlation, runoff (r = 0.51), runoff coefficient (r = 0.55), and sediment yield (r = 0.51) were significantly correlated with slope gradient. Results show that runoff increased from 2.45 to 6.43 mm as slope gradient increased from 5 to 25%, reaching to the critical point of 25% for slope. Also, further increasing the slope gradient from 25 to 40% led to a gradual decrease of the runoff from 6.43 to 4.62 mm. Runoff coefficient was significantly higher under the plot with a slope gradient of 25% by 0.265, whereas runoff coefficient was lowest under the plot with a slope gradient of 5%. Results show that sediment yield increased by increasing the slope gradient of plot ranging 5% to 30%, reaching to the critical point of 30%, and then decreased as the slope gradient increased from 35% to 40%. Runoff plot with a slope gradient of 30% (4.08 g m−2) ≈ plot length of 25% (3.91 g m−2) had a significantly higher sediment yield, whereas sediment yield was lowest under the plot with a slope gradient of 5% and 10%. A regression analysis of rainfall and runoff showed that runoff responses to rainfall for plots with different slope gradients were linearly and significantly increased. According to the current results, log skidding operations should be planned in the skid trails with a slope gradient lower than the 25 to 30% to suppress the negative effect of skidding operations on runoff and sediment yield.

ACS Style

Meghdad Jourgholami; Sara Karami; Farzam Tavankar; Angela Lo Monaco; Rodolfo Picchio. Effects of Slope Gradient on Runoff and Sediment Yield on Machine-Induced Compacted Soil in Temperate Forests. Forests 2020, 12, 49 .

AMA Style

Meghdad Jourgholami, Sara Karami, Farzam Tavankar, Angela Lo Monaco, Rodolfo Picchio. Effects of Slope Gradient on Runoff and Sediment Yield on Machine-Induced Compacted Soil in Temperate Forests. Forests. 2020; 12 (1):49.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Meghdad Jourgholami; Sara Karami; Farzam Tavankar; Angela Lo Monaco; Rodolfo Picchio. 2020. "Effects of Slope Gradient on Runoff and Sediment Yield on Machine-Induced Compacted Soil in Temperate Forests." Forests 12, no. 1: 49.

Proceedings
Published: 20 November 2020 in Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Forests — Forests for a Better Future: Sustainability, Innovation, Interdisciplinarity
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Wind in Europe is the main disturbing factor and the greatest damaging agent of forest stands, causing three times the annual damage caused by fires each year. The amount of trees destroyed by wind annually in Europe is over 38 million cubic meters. Given the importance and extent of the phenomenon of wind crashes, this has been one of the main topics on which forestry scientists have focused over time, so much so that already in the mid-1990s of the last century there were more than 200 scientific papers on this topic. However, most of these studies focused on the prediction of possible wind damage, paying attention to the population level and not to a single tree; moreover, almost all of the studies were carried out on conifers. Studies concerning the single tree have been carried out above all in urban forestry, where the trees live in unfavorable contexts and are very distant from what could be their optimal living conditions found in forests. The aim of this research was to search for possible correlations between the tree conformation and the crashes caused by windy events. This was in order to assess the characteristics predisposing trees to crash, in such a way as to provide the forest engineer with useful information in choosing the trees to take priority in order to reduce the damage caused by windy events. In conjunction with the “Vaia windstorm”, which affected much of Northern Italy, another meteoric event also occurred which caused the crash of numerous individuals inside the beech forest located on the summit of Monte Amiata, in Tuscany. On this occasion, an attempt was made to investigate the possible existence of single-tree scale indicators relating to a greater susceptibility to crash, in beech forests of the same age treated to shelterwood system, under the same phytosanitary, edaphic and topographical conditions. The research methodology applied is the same as in other studies carried out on the subject, in such a way as to allow comparison between the results obtained. Various parameters were analyzed, in particular: maximum height, crown insertion height, castle height, height corresponding to the maximum crown width, crown volume and surface. The findings showed that the main variables that had a significant influence on wind crashes were: tree height, crown surface and volume. In particular, the standing trees were taller than those crashed and with a larger crown.

ACS Style

Emiliano Gennari; Francesco Latterini; Rachele Venanzi; Angela Lo Monaco; Rodolfo Picchio. Single Tree Stability Assessment in Beech High Forest and Factors that Could Induce Windbreak. Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Forests — Forests for a Better Future: Sustainability, Innovation, Interdisciplinarity 2020, 3, 60 .

AMA Style

Emiliano Gennari, Francesco Latterini, Rachele Venanzi, Angela Lo Monaco, Rodolfo Picchio. Single Tree Stability Assessment in Beech High Forest and Factors that Could Induce Windbreak. Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Forests — Forests for a Better Future: Sustainability, Innovation, Interdisciplinarity. 2020; 3 (1):60.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emiliano Gennari; Francesco Latterini; Rachele Venanzi; Angela Lo Monaco; Rodolfo Picchio. 2020. "Single Tree Stability Assessment in Beech High Forest and Factors that Could Induce Windbreak." Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Forests — Forests for a Better Future: Sustainability, Innovation, Interdisciplinarity 3, no. 1: 60.

Proceedings
Published: 13 November 2020 in Environmental Sciences Proceedings
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In this study, a comprehensive analysis of deadwood was conducted in four macro-areas located in two beech forests of public utility in Enciso (La Rioja, Spain). Dendrometric data, as well as qualitative and quantitative characteristics of deadwood, were collected and analysed with respect to the degree of accessibility to the forest to determine the effect of different levels of forest accessibility on deadwood volume and carbon stocks. All decomposition classes were present except the first, highlighting the development of natural degradation dynamics. Deadwood stored 6.9 t/ha of C in the easy accessibility class, 5.7 t/ha of C in the medium accessibility class and 2.2 t/ha of C in the difficult accessibility class. The average volume of deadwood and carbon stored calculated in this study were higher than the values reported in the Spanish and Italian national forest inventories, including one developed for Riojan beech forests. Deadwood volume was on average 22.5 m3/ha, showing an unequal distribution, with the lowest values found far from the access roads, despite forest accessibility generally being considered a factor that facilitates the human collection of deadwood. The distribution patterns of deadwood in beech forests of La Rioja, apparently counterintuitive, were due to a combination of different factors, including slope, cattle grazing, and weather conditions which might have favoured downward movement of the deadwood.

ACS Style

Ilaria Collepardi; Emanuele Ziaco; César Pérez-Cruzado; Angela Lo Monaco. Characterisation of Woody Necromass in Beech Forests with Different Anthropic Accessibility: The Case of La Rioja (Spain). Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2020, 3, 26 .

AMA Style

Ilaria Collepardi, Emanuele Ziaco, César Pérez-Cruzado, Angela Lo Monaco. Characterisation of Woody Necromass in Beech Forests with Different Anthropic Accessibility: The Case of La Rioja (Spain). Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2020; 3 (1):26.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ilaria Collepardi; Emanuele Ziaco; César Pérez-Cruzado; Angela Lo Monaco. 2020. "Characterisation of Woody Necromass in Beech Forests with Different Anthropic Accessibility: The Case of La Rioja (Spain)." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1: 26.

Conference paper
Published: 12 November 2020 in Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Forests — Forests for a Better Future: Sustainability, Innovation, Interdisciplinarity
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The wood characteristics due to weather conditions change over time, particularly the color that reflects chemical changes. Natural ageing is usually a relatively slow process; therefore, artificial ageing plays an important role in assessing the performance by shortening the time compared to natural weathering conditions. The aim of this research is to evaluate the color and reflectance variation of wooden surfaces due to artificial weathering obtained through a solar box chamber simulating outdoor conditions and subsequent water leaching. With the increase of weathering times, untreated specimen surfaces darken, whereas treated specimens lighten, so as to tend to have a similar color or in any case to decrease the chromatic difference that was at the beginning of the weathering tests. The measured values of conductance are higher in the leaching water of untreated specimens and tend to decrease after the first cycles. The values of pH range between 4.00 and 4.52 in untreated and treated specimens. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that water leaching caused loss of materials from the specimens, mainly from those thermally treated. FTIR spectra exhibit signatures of polysaccharide materials as main compounds. Bands of lignin and extractives are also visible. Water leaching seems to remove degraded surface microparticles of wood.

ACS Style

Claudia Pelosi; Giorgia Agresti; Luca Lanteri; Rodolfo Picchio; Emiliano Gennari; Angela Lo Monaco. Artificial Weathering Effect on Surface of Heat-Treated Wood of Ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Shum). Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Forests — Forests for a Better Future: Sustainability, Innovation, Interdisciplinarity 2020, 3, 15 .

AMA Style

Claudia Pelosi, Giorgia Agresti, Luca Lanteri, Rodolfo Picchio, Emiliano Gennari, Angela Lo Monaco. Artificial Weathering Effect on Surface of Heat-Treated Wood of Ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Shum). Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Forests — Forests for a Better Future: Sustainability, Innovation, Interdisciplinarity. 2020; 3 (1):15.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Pelosi; Giorgia Agresti; Luca Lanteri; Rodolfo Picchio; Emiliano Gennari; Angela Lo Monaco. 2020. "Artificial Weathering Effect on Surface of Heat-Treated Wood of Ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Shum)." Proceedings of The 1st International Electronic Conference on Forests — Forests for a Better Future: Sustainability, Innovation, Interdisciplinarity 3, no. 1: 15.

Proceedings
Published: 11 November 2020 in Environmental Sciences Proceedings
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Wood is a material of biological origin of fundamental importance for artisan and industrial uses. In outdoor environments, it is very attractive, but easily subjected to degradation. A valid alternative to chemical preservatives is thermal modification. The aim of this study is to evaluate ayous wood industrially subjected to thermal modification (215 °C) in order to emphasize the influence of heat treatment on selected physical and mechanical characteristics. As a result of the heat treatment, the physical and mechanical properties are generally reduced: the density in natural wood (TQ) was 379 kg/m3, in heat treated wood (TT) 319 kg/m3; the basic density in TQ was 327 kg/m3, in TT 299 kg/m3; the axial compression strength of TT was reduced by 18.1%; and the static bending strength of TT was reduced by 41.4% compared to untreated wood at 10% equilibrium moisture content (EMC). In addition, the samples, under the same environmental conditions in the laboratory, reached the equilibrium moisture content of 10% in TQ and 4% in TT.

ACS Style

Emiliano Gennari; Rodolfo Picchio; Damiano Tocci; Angela Lo Monaco. Modifications of Physical and Mechanical Characteristics Induced by Heat Treatment: Case Study on Ayous Wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum). Environmental Sciences Proceedings 2020, 3, 27 .

AMA Style

Emiliano Gennari, Rodolfo Picchio, Damiano Tocci, Angela Lo Monaco. Modifications of Physical and Mechanical Characteristics Induced by Heat Treatment: Case Study on Ayous Wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum). Environmental Sciences Proceedings. 2020; 3 (1):27.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Emiliano Gennari; Rodolfo Picchio; Damiano Tocci; Angela Lo Monaco. 2020. "Modifications of Physical and Mechanical Characteristics Induced by Heat Treatment: Case Study on Ayous Wood (Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum)." Environmental Sciences Proceedings 3, no. 1: 27.

Journal article
Published: 04 July 2020 in Forests
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In this study, damage to residual trees during thinning performed by motor-manual felling and whole tree skidding was studied in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation. Forest intervention was carried out in 2016 and tree wounds were studied and examined over a period of three years. The results indicated that 8% of the residual trees suffered damage, of which 52% was caused by felling operations and 48% by extraction operations. Among the damaged trees, 13% had damage to the root system, 53% to the bole, and 34% to the crown area. The average wound size at the time of occurrence was 71.3 cm2. This was found to be reduced to 54.4 cm2 after a three year period. Wound intensity decreased with higher wound height and increased size. Three years after wound occurrence, only 6.6% were closed, 90.6% were still open, and 2.8% were decayed. The diameter growth in damaged trees was 1.7% lower than in undamaged trees (p > 0.05). Damage to the root system of residual trees reduced diameter growth by 3% (p < 0.05). Intensive wounds (damaged wood) caused a reduction of 22.7% in diameter growth (p < 0.01). In addition, the diameter growth in trees with decayed wounds was 27.4% lower than unwounded trees (p < 0.01). Pre-harvest planning, directional tree felling, marking of the extraction path before logging operations, employment of skilled logging workers, and post-harvest assessment of damaged residual trees are essential implementations in timber plantations.

ACS Style

Farzam Tavankar; Mehrdad Nikooy; Angela Lo Monaco; Francesco Latterini; Rachele Venanzi; Rodolfo Picchio. Short-Term Recovery of Residual Tree Damage during Successive Thinning Operations. Forests 2020, 11, 731 .

AMA Style

Farzam Tavankar, Mehrdad Nikooy, Angela Lo Monaco, Francesco Latterini, Rachele Venanzi, Rodolfo Picchio. Short-Term Recovery of Residual Tree Damage during Successive Thinning Operations. Forests. 2020; 11 (7):731.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzam Tavankar; Mehrdad Nikooy; Angela Lo Monaco; Francesco Latterini; Rachele Venanzi; Rodolfo Picchio. 2020. "Short-Term Recovery of Residual Tree Damage during Successive Thinning Operations." Forests 11, no. 7: 731.

Journal article
Published: 26 February 2020 in Forests
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There are many data values describing deadwood in primary forests, however, there is much less information concerning managed forests, particularly in the Mediterranean area. Whole non-living woody biomass (deadwood) is the main component of forest types that plays a vital role in improving and maintaining biodiversity. The dynamics of deadwood and CO2 sequestration by deadwood were examined in three Mediterranean lowland forests: pine forest Pinus pinea L.), evergreen oak forest (Quercus ilex and Quercus suber L.), and deciduous oak forest (Quercus cerris L.). The aim of this study was to carry out a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the deadwood to gather useful information for the Mediterranean forest management, and to provide some useful data that can be integrated into the methods of estimation for carbon stored in dead components of Mediterranean forest types. The investigations focused on the characterization of the deadwood, to determine which traits are dominant and their potentially functionality within the forest type. Results indicated the deciduous oak type had the highest amount of stand volume (379 m3/ha), deadwood volume (161.8 m3/ha), and C storage (31.43 t/ha). The major component of dead wood was the standing dead trees or snags. There was a higher volume of deadwood in the deciduous oak forest than in the pine and evergreen oak forests. In addition, the deciduous oak forest had a higher snag creation index, a higher fallen log creation index, and a higher past management index compared to pine and evergreen oak forest types. Deadwood volume increased as the decay class in the deciduous oak forest increased, while this trend decreased in the evergreen oak and pine forests. The amount of deadwood was affected by the forest type and forest management regime. Dynamic and past management of deadwood indices indicated that their structure was still in the initial phase of creation and decay in the pine and evergreen oak forests. A comparison with other studies on similar forest types brought out that the variation range of the main parameters for the management of deadwood fell within the variation of the parameters studied. However, the values of these parameters cover a broad range. The population of each forest type is extremely sensitive to the different evolutionary periods of the forest dynamics.

ACS Style

Angela Lo Lo Monaco; Giulia Luziatelli; Francesco Latterini; Farzam Tavankar; Rodolfo Picchio. Structure and Dynamics of Deadwood in Pine and Oak Stands and their Role in CO2 Sequestration in Lowland Forests of Central Italy. Forests 2020, 11, 253 .

AMA Style

Angela Lo Lo Monaco, Giulia Luziatelli, Francesco Latterini, Farzam Tavankar, Rodolfo Picchio. Structure and Dynamics of Deadwood in Pine and Oak Stands and their Role in CO2 Sequestration in Lowland Forests of Central Italy. Forests. 2020; 11 (3):253.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angela Lo Lo Monaco; Giulia Luziatelli; Francesco Latterini; Farzam Tavankar; Rodolfo Picchio. 2020. "Structure and Dynamics of Deadwood in Pine and Oak Stands and their Role in CO2 Sequestration in Lowland Forests of Central Italy." Forests 11, no. 3: 253.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2020 in Microchemical Journal
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The painting object of the present work, currently exposed in the Museum of Colle del Duomo in Viterbo (Italy), has been dated back by art historians to the 16th century and it owes its relevance to a still discussed attribution to Michelangelo Buonarroti. For this reason, art historians and the responsible curator of the Museum commissioned scientific investigations to support and explain their hypothesis about the painting attribution and dating. Here we report the results of two sets of investigation: diffuse reflectance hyperspectral imaging and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy of the painting; radiocarbon dating and identification of the panel wood. The hyperspectral dataset, coupled with X-ray fluorescence spectra on selected analysis points, reveals the presence of precious ultramarine blue and vermillion pigments, confirming the importance of the painting committer. Wood analysis and radiocarbon dating by wiggle matching technique revealed that the botanical species used for the panel is Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.), and enabled dating the painting around AD 1500± 25, providing to art historians a further element for the attribution of the artwork.

ACS Style

Claudia Pelosi; Angela Lo Monaco; Mauro Bernabei; Giorgia Agresti; Claudia Colantonio; Antonio Perri; Daniela Comelli; Gianluca Valentini; Cristian Manzoni. Beyond the visible: The Viterbo Crucifixion panel painting attributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti. Microchemical Journal 2020, 154, 104636 .

AMA Style

Claudia Pelosi, Angela Lo Monaco, Mauro Bernabei, Giorgia Agresti, Claudia Colantonio, Antonio Perri, Daniela Comelli, Gianluca Valentini, Cristian Manzoni. Beyond the visible: The Viterbo Crucifixion panel painting attributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti. Microchemical Journal. 2020; 154 ():104636.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claudia Pelosi; Angela Lo Monaco; Mauro Bernabei; Giorgia Agresti; Claudia Colantonio; Antonio Perri; Daniela Comelli; Gianluca Valentini; Cristian Manzoni. 2020. "Beyond the visible: The Viterbo Crucifixion panel painting attributed to Michelangelo Buonarroti." Microchemical Journal 154, no. : 104636.

Journal article
Published: 05 September 2019 in Forests
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The Caspian forests of Iran were monitored and evaluated for forest natural regeneration after logging activities for more than a decade. This large area has a substantial ecological, environmental and socio-economic importance. Ground based skidding is the most common logging method in these forests and soil compaction is the most critical consequence of this method. One of the current main topics and important emerging issue in forest research of the last decade are discussed in this study. Soil compaction has major influences on growth and/or mortality rates of forest seedlings. This study has lasted for over ten years so as to have a clear overview related to forest natural regeneration after logging activities. We monitored and evaluated physical soil properties (bulk density, penetration resistance and total porosity) and their effects on maple and beech seedlings on 10-year-old skid trails in the Iranian Caspian forests. Results obtained from evaluating the impact of skid trails within the aforementioned three soil physical parameters were significant; bulk density increased by 12.6% on log skidded routes (between two skidder tires on skid trail) and 36.1% on tire tracks, compared to non-skid trails (1.19 g/cm3), penetration resistance increased by 68% on log skidded routes and 220% on tire tracks, compared to non-skid trails (0.25 MPa), total porosity decreased by 12.8% on log skidded routes and 30.9% on tire tracks, compared to non-skid trails (54%). Among the morphological parameters, lateral root length (LRL) and root penetration depth (RPD) showed the highest decrease at soil compaction compared to the control (decrease in LRL: 60% in maple and 44% in beech; decrease in RPD: 56% in both maple and beech); the main response of growth parameters to soil compaction was found in roots (decrease in dry mass of 36% both in maple and beech); architectural parameters were also influenced by soil compaction, and the response of both seedling species was more evident in the ratio of main root to stem length (RRS) (reduction in RRS 42% in maple, 33% in beech); the ratio of RPD to main root length (RPL) also showed a great reduction (reduction in RPL 20% in maple 33% in beech). Physical soil properties, changes in other environmental properties of skid trails, created differences in beech and maple seedling growth between the skid trails and non-skid trails. This was closely related to the physiological characteristics of the two species studied. Beech seedlings reacted well to a moderate uncovering but they needed little disturbed soil, even if there was a very mixed bedding. Maple seedlings reacted better than beech seedlings to the uncovering and soil disturbance. The effects of the skid trail on morphology, growth and architecture of maple seedlings in the Hyrcanian beech forests showed that the maple, as a seedling, is a suitable species for maintaining the physical properties of skid trails after logging operations in the beech stands in the Caspian forests of Iran.

ACS Style

Rodolfo Picchio; Farzam Tavankar; Mehrdad Nikooy; Giuseppe Pignatti; Rachele Venanzi; Angela Lo Monaco. Morphology, Growth and Architecture Response of Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and Maple Tree (Acer velutinum Boiss.) Seedlings to Soil Compaction Stress Caused by Mechanized Logging Operations. Forests 2019, 10, 771 .

AMA Style

Rodolfo Picchio, Farzam Tavankar, Mehrdad Nikooy, Giuseppe Pignatti, Rachele Venanzi, Angela Lo Monaco. Morphology, Growth and Architecture Response of Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and Maple Tree (Acer velutinum Boiss.) Seedlings to Soil Compaction Stress Caused by Mechanized Logging Operations. Forests. 2019; 10 (9):771.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodolfo Picchio; Farzam Tavankar; Mehrdad Nikooy; Giuseppe Pignatti; Rachele Venanzi; Angela Lo Monaco. 2019. "Morphology, Growth and Architecture Response of Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and Maple Tree (Acer velutinum Boiss.) Seedlings to Soil Compaction Stress Caused by Mechanized Logging Operations." Forests 10, no. 9: 771.

Journal article
Published: 23 August 2018 in Forests
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Coarse woody debris (CWD) plays an important role in supporting biodiversity and assisting ecological processes. Sometimes local people intervene modifying the expected distribution of CWD components, harvested as fuel wood. The effect of the human accessibility (HA) on the volume and characteristics of CWD (snag, downed log and stump) was investigated in the natural uneven-age mixed hardwood stands of the Hyrcanian forests of Iran to quantify the impact on CWD. The HA was classified into three classes (easy, medium and difficult) on the basis of slope class, slope direction to the nearest road and road type. As expected, a negative relationship between the degree of accessibility was found with respect to the main qualitative and quantitative indices referring to CWD. The results showed that the volume of CWD decreased with an increase in human accessibility class (HAC), thus the mean volume of CWD in the difficult, medium and easy accessibility classes were 14.87 m3 ha−1, 8.84 m3 ha−1 and 4.03 m3 ha−1, respectively. The decrease in CWD volume was more associated with the decreasing volume of small diameter of low decayed downed logs. The ratio of snag volume to standing volume, the ratio of downed log volume to the volume of trees and the ratio of CWD volume to standing volume increased with a decrease in HAC, while the ratio of downed log volume to snag volume decreased with a decrease in HAC. No selective behaviour on the botanical species of CWD was recorded. For ecological forest management, the effect of HAC on CWD should be considered. A constant supply of snags and downed logs must be preserved to assure a high level of biodiversity. To balance social needs and biodiversity requirements, an increased level of CWD retention might be needed in areas with easy accessibility. The obtained results may be useful when ecological and socio-economical needs have to be taken into consideration in future policy-making decisions.

ACS Style

Farshad Keivan Behjou; Angela Lo Monaco; Farzam Tavankar; Rachele Venanzi; Mehrdad Nikooy; Piotr S. Mederski; Rodolfo Picchio. Coarse Woody Debris Variability Due to Human Accessibility to Forest. Forests 2018, 9, 509 .

AMA Style

Farshad Keivan Behjou, Angela Lo Monaco, Farzam Tavankar, Rachele Venanzi, Mehrdad Nikooy, Piotr S. Mederski, Rodolfo Picchio. Coarse Woody Debris Variability Due to Human Accessibility to Forest. Forests. 2018; 9 (9):509.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farshad Keivan Behjou; Angela Lo Monaco; Farzam Tavankar; Rachele Venanzi; Mehrdad Nikooy; Piotr S. Mederski; Rodolfo Picchio. 2018. "Coarse Woody Debris Variability Due to Human Accessibility to Forest." Forests 9, no. 9: 509.

Journal article
Published: 19 June 2018 in Forests
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Renaturalization treatment in black pine afforestation is an important topic that should be considered. There is a need to favor the evolution of artificial pine forests toward natural forest systems. Overall, this study focused on pine forests, and suggests one typology of clear-cutting (dismantling cutting) on strips, which is associated with different extraction management techniques. Some ecological and environmental aspects associated with renaturalization treatments that have been applied by different mechanizations in black pine afforestation have been highlighted, as well as how renaturalization and the active ecological management of these stands could affect soil and vegetation. The main objectives of this research were to: (1) analyze the impact of silvicultural treatment and logging activities on forest soil, and (2) assess tree regeneration and floristic biodiversity in an ecological management system, in terms of both quantity and quality characteristics. These analyses were planned to obtain an overview of the environmental impact related to a multifunctional approach to the forest management of black pine afforestation. Essentially, the answers to the main research questions are: (1) less invasive extraction systems seem to use a cable yarder and forest winch; (2) a clear soil recovery trend with good capabilities is visible, in particular for the two extraction systems by cable; however, over a three-year period, only a partial but substantial recovery has been shown; (3) in general, silvicultural treatment showed qualitative and quantitative improvement in terms of tree regeneration; in particular, the extraction systems by forest winch and cable yarder showed better results; (4) silvicultural treatment seems not to have led to improvement at the level of the herbaceous and shrubby layers; however, clear differences are shown among the different harvesting systems. Significant recovery after use of the cable yarder was observed.

ACS Style

Rodolfo Picchio; Roberto Mercurio; Rachele Venanzi; Loretta Gratani; Tommaso Giallonardo; Angela Lo Monaco; Anna Rita Frattaroli. Strip Clear-Cutting Application and Logging Typologies for Renaturalization of Pine Afforestation—A Case Study. Forests 2018, 9, 366 .

AMA Style

Rodolfo Picchio, Roberto Mercurio, Rachele Venanzi, Loretta Gratani, Tommaso Giallonardo, Angela Lo Monaco, Anna Rita Frattaroli. Strip Clear-Cutting Application and Logging Typologies for Renaturalization of Pine Afforestation—A Case Study. Forests. 2018; 9 (6):366.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodolfo Picchio; Roberto Mercurio; Rachele Venanzi; Loretta Gratani; Tommaso Giallonardo; Angela Lo Monaco; Anna Rita Frattaroli. 2018. "Strip Clear-Cutting Application and Logging Typologies for Renaturalization of Pine Afforestation—A Case Study." Forests 9, no. 6: 366.

Original paper
Published: 30 May 2018 in Journal of Forestry Research
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Snow damage on natural stands is an important problem concerning mountainous forest management. In the present research, the frequency and intensity of heavy snow damage on natural stands and the relationship of damages with characteristics of trees, stand and topography were studied in mountainous forests of northern Iran. A systematic sampling design was applied to the study area (140 ha), with 122 circular plots. The grid dimension was 100 m and each plot area was 1000 m2. The four types of snow damage to trees include: crown damage (8.6%), stem breakage (5.4%), uprooting (3.2%), and bending (1.4%). The frequency of crown damage grew with an increase in the diameter at breast height (DBH), while the frequency of stem breakage, uprooting and bending decreased with an increase the DBH. The frequency of crown damage, stem breakage, and total damages was related to tree species (p < 0.01). Not all tree species were equally susceptible to snow damage. The amount of damage grew with increasing elevation and slope angle and decreased with increasing soil depth. Young trees (DBH < 25 cm) were more susceptible to snow damage than other trees. Snow damage decreased by as the trees in the stand became more mixed in age. The susceptibility of trees to snow damage increased by height and slenderness coefficient. With adequate silvicultural operation, snow damage can be reduced to a minimum level in these natural forests.

ACS Style

Farzam Tavankar; Angela Lo Monaco; Mehrdad Nikooy; Rachele Venanzi; Amireslam Bonyad; Rodolfo Picchio. Snow damages on trees of an uneven age in mixed broadleaf forests: effects of topographical conditions and tree characteristics. Journal of Forestry Research 2018, 30, 1383 -1394.

AMA Style

Farzam Tavankar, Angela Lo Monaco, Mehrdad Nikooy, Rachele Venanzi, Amireslam Bonyad, Rodolfo Picchio. Snow damages on trees of an uneven age in mixed broadleaf forests: effects of topographical conditions and tree characteristics. Journal of Forestry Research. 2018; 30 (4):1383-1394.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzam Tavankar; Angela Lo Monaco; Mehrdad Nikooy; Rachele Venanzi; Amireslam Bonyad; Rodolfo Picchio. 2018. "Snow damages on trees of an uneven age in mixed broadleaf forests: effects of topographical conditions and tree characteristics." Journal of Forestry Research 30, no. 4: 1383-1394.

Journal article
Published: 10 May 2018 in Forests
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With the aim of acquiring better comprehension of the ecological and productive aspects of the management of pine forests, we monitored logging damage and evaluated the effects of thinning on stand growth 20 years after the treatment in a Pinus laricio Poiret stand in central Italy. The objectives of the present study were to estimate the injury levels to the remaining trees after thinning; to assess logging damage in the long-term by monitoring residual trees at the end of thinning; to evaluate the effect of damage on the radial growth of trees; to assess the stand dynamics in relation to injury levels and the treatment applied in a twenty-year range; to understand a possible treatment return time; and to evaluate the existence of the “thinning shock”. The results were that 20 years after treatment, the stand dynamics showed a complete recovery; logging damage did not affect the radial growth of P. laricio over time; a second treatment seem to be sustainable starting from the fifteenth year after the previous treatment; and the thinning shock can be clearly evaluated in the first six to seven years after the treatment.

ACS Style

Rodolfo Picchio; Rachele Venanzi; Francesco Latterini; Enrico Marchi; Andrea Laschi; Angela Lo Monaco. Corsican Pine (Pinus laricio Poiret) Stand Management: Medium and Long Lasting Effects of Thinning on Biomass Growth. Forests 2018, 9, 257 .

AMA Style

Rodolfo Picchio, Rachele Venanzi, Francesco Latterini, Enrico Marchi, Andrea Laschi, Angela Lo Monaco. Corsican Pine (Pinus laricio Poiret) Stand Management: Medium and Long Lasting Effects of Thinning on Biomass Growth. Forests. 2018; 9 (5):257.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodolfo Picchio; Rachele Venanzi; Francesco Latterini; Enrico Marchi; Andrea Laschi; Angela Lo Monaco. 2018. "Corsican Pine (Pinus laricio Poiret) Stand Management: Medium and Long Lasting Effects of Thinning on Biomass Growth." Forests 9, no. 5: 257.

Original paper
Published: 02 December 2017 in European Journal of Forest Research
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Lime-trees (Tilia begonifolia Stev.) have countless ecological and economical values in the northern forests of Iran. Bole wounds on residual trees are commonly caused by logging. The healing ability of bole wounds and the effect of bole wounds on diameter growth in lime-trees were assessed in a natural mixed uneven-age stand. The susceptibility to decay in relation to the wound severity was also evaluated. Condition and location of lime-trees before and after selective logging were determined through systematic plot sampling. The position of each lime-tree was identified on a topographical map using the global positioning system. After 10 years from wound occurrence, tree and wound characteristics were also re-measured. Overall, 68 stems (9.7 stem ha−1) of lime-trees were found in the sampled area, 25 stems (36.8%) were damaged in the form of bole wound, and 43 stems (63.2%) were undamaged. Statistical differences between wounded or non-wounded lime-trees in terms of diameter and height were not found. Most of the wounds occurred at the height of < 1 m; the average wound size was 370.5 cm2. Wound severity was related to wound size and wound position. Wound width healing rate was 6.2 mm year−1. The wound shape was found to be a healing factor as the healing rate by width was higher than that by length. Healed wounds were only 12, 60% of bole wounds resulted in decay. Diameter growth of wounded trees was 43.5% lower than undamaged trees. The average annual diameter growth decreased by increasing wound severity. The results indicated the lime-tree is a very sensitive species to damage caused by logging (bole wound). Single-tree selection cutting needs more careful logging operations to reduce damage on residual lime-trees in order to safeguard this species, valuable in ecologic and economic terms.

ACS Style

Farzam Tavankar; Angela Lo Monaco; Rodolfo Picchio; Rachele Venanzi; Mehrdad Nikooy. Healing ability and diameter growth of lime-trees (Tilia begonifolia Stev.) following logging wounds. European Journal of Forest Research 2017, 137, 45 -55.

AMA Style

Farzam Tavankar, Angela Lo Monaco, Rodolfo Picchio, Rachele Venanzi, Mehrdad Nikooy. Healing ability and diameter growth of lime-trees (Tilia begonifolia Stev.) following logging wounds. European Journal of Forest Research. 2017; 137 (1):45-55.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Farzam Tavankar; Angela Lo Monaco; Rodolfo Picchio; Rachele Venanzi; Mehrdad Nikooy. 2017. "Healing ability and diameter growth of lime-trees (Tilia begonifolia Stev.) following logging wounds." European Journal of Forest Research 137, no. 1: 45-55.

Journal article
Published: 30 June 2017 in iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry
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Coarse woody debris (CWD) has a wide range of ecological and conservation values such as maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Each forest management method can have a detrimental effect on stand structure and CWD. We analyzed the volume and density of live trees and CWD (snags and downed logs) over a long-term (30 years) selection-logging managed compartment (harvested), and compared these with values obtained from an unlogged compartment (control) in the Iranian Caspian forests. Results showed that the volume and density of live trees and CWD in the harvested area was significantly lower than in the control area, especially large size trees and CWD, very decayed CWD, and rare tree species. The ratio of snags volume to total standing volume (RSS) was significantly higher in the control (7.9%) than in the harvested area (5.2%), and the ratio of downed logs volume to trees volume (RDT) in the control area (6.3%) was significantly higher than in the harvested area (4.6%), while the ratio of downed logs volume to snags volume (RDS) was significantly higher in the harvested area (83.6%) than in the control (74%). Based on the obtained results, we recommend selection cutting forests to be managed based on CWD management plans, including appropriate cutting cycles (15-30 years) and retention of large-diameter (DBH > 75 cm) and cavity trees as a suitable habitat for many wildlife species.

ACS Style

F. Tavankar; M. Nikooy; Rodolfo Picchio; Rachele Venanzi; Angela Lo Monaco. Long-term effects of single-tree selection cutting management on coarse woody debris in natural mixed beech stands in the Caspian forest (Iran). iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 2017, 10, 652 -658.

AMA Style

F. Tavankar, M. Nikooy, Rodolfo Picchio, Rachele Venanzi, Angela Lo Monaco. Long-term effects of single-tree selection cutting management on coarse woody debris in natural mixed beech stands in the Caspian forest (Iran). iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry. 2017; 10 (3):652-658.

Chicago/Turabian Style

F. Tavankar; M. Nikooy; Rodolfo Picchio; Rachele Venanzi; Angela Lo Monaco. 2017. "Long-term effects of single-tree selection cutting management on coarse woody debris in natural mixed beech stands in the Caspian forest (Iran)." iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry 10, no. 3: 652-658.

Journal article
Published: 01 February 2017 in Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy
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This paper reports the investigation on the effect of protective materials on poplar (Populus sp.) wood modifications as consequence of artificial photo-degradation in controlled environment. The novelty of this work is to try to understand what happens to wood surface under the protective layer. Shellac, beeswax and Linfoil® were tested to compare traditional and novel products generally used for wood. The samples, uncovered and covered by these protective layers, were artificially aged. Colour and chemical modifications due to ageing were investigated at different time intervals by reflectance spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging. The obtained data were elaborated by statistical and chemometric tools in order to verify their significance and to assess the relationship between groups of measurements. The results highlighted that shellac, beeswax and Linfoil® materials have a very low protective effect on wood photo-degradation for long times of exposure, by little reducing the changes of wood components.

ACS Style

Giuseppe Capobianco; Luca Calienno; Claudia Pelosi; Martina Scacchi; Giuseppe Bonifazi; Giorgia Agresti; Rodolfo Picchio; Ulderico Santamaria; Silvia Serranti; Angela Lo Monaco. Protective behaviour monitoring on wood photo-degradation by spectroscopic techniques coupled with chemometrics. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 2017, 172, 34 -42.

AMA Style

Giuseppe Capobianco, Luca Calienno, Claudia Pelosi, Martina Scacchi, Giuseppe Bonifazi, Giorgia Agresti, Rodolfo Picchio, Ulderico Santamaria, Silvia Serranti, Angela Lo Monaco. Protective behaviour monitoring on wood photo-degradation by spectroscopic techniques coupled with chemometrics. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy. 2017; 172 ():34-42.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Capobianco; Luca Calienno; Claudia Pelosi; Martina Scacchi; Giuseppe Bonifazi; Giorgia Agresti; Rodolfo Picchio; Ulderico Santamaria; Silvia Serranti; Angela Lo Monaco. 2017. "Protective behaviour monitoring on wood photo-degradation by spectroscopic techniques coupled with chemometrics." Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 172, no. : 34-42.

Journal article
Published: 15 October 2016 in Journal of Electronic Imaging
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The focus of this study was to investigate the potential of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) in the monitoring of commercial consolidant products applied on wood samples. Poplar (Populus spp.) and walnut (Juglans Regia L.) were chosen for the consolidant application. Both traditional and innovative products were selected, based on acrylic, epoxy, and aliphatic compounds. Wood samples were stressed by freeze/thaw cycles in order to cause material degradation without the loss of wood components. Then the consolidant was applied under vacuum. The samples were finally artificially aged for 168 h in a solar box chamber. The samples were acquired in the short wave infrared (1000 to 2500 nm) range by SISUChema XL™ device (Specim, Finland) after 168 h of irradiation. As comparison, color measurement was also used as an economic, simple, and noninvasive technique to evaluate the deterioration and consolidation effects on wood. All data were then processed adopting a chemometric approach finalized to define correlation models, HSI based, between consolidating materials, wood species, and short-time aging effects.

ACS Style

Giuseppe Bonifazi; Silvia Serranti; Giuseppe Capobianco; Giorgia Agresti; Luca Calienno; Rodolfo Picchio; Angela Lo Monaco; Ulderico Santamaria; Claudia Pelosi. Hyperspectral imaging as a technique for investigating the effect of consolidating materials on wood. Journal of Electronic Imaging 2016, 26, 011003 -011003.

AMA Style

Giuseppe Bonifazi, Silvia Serranti, Giuseppe Capobianco, Giorgia Agresti, Luca Calienno, Rodolfo Picchio, Angela Lo Monaco, Ulderico Santamaria, Claudia Pelosi. Hyperspectral imaging as a technique for investigating the effect of consolidating materials on wood. Journal of Electronic Imaging. 2016; 26 (1):011003-011003.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giuseppe Bonifazi; Silvia Serranti; Giuseppe Capobianco; Giorgia Agresti; Luca Calienno; Rodolfo Picchio; Angela Lo Monaco; Ulderico Santamaria; Claudia Pelosi. 2016. "Hyperspectral imaging as a technique for investigating the effect of consolidating materials on wood." Journal of Electronic Imaging 26, no. 1: 011003-011003.