Background: Insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, excess body weight, and symptoms of hyperandrogenism often accompanies Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS). A balanced diet plays a key role in improving the metabolic and biochemical parameters in affected women. This study aims to assess whether dietary improvements in patients with suspected PCOS may affect the severity of the disease and the metabolic and hormonal profile. Methods: The analysis of the relationships between self-declared nutritional changes and biochemical and metabolic parameters included 154 women at the same stage of PCOS diagnosis. Results: Over half of participants reported dietary modifications. Women reducing sweets, fatty red meat, and alcohol intake for >6 months had significantly lower total testosterone (TT) levels compared to those who did not (p < 0.05). Mean TT levels were: 0.375 ± 0.18 ng/mL (median 0.340) vs. 0.787 ± 2.19 ng/mL (median 0.390) for red meat (p = 0.008), 0.359 ± 0.18 ng/mL (median 0.335) vs. 0.681 ± 1.9 ng/mL (median 0.4) for sweets (p = 0.02), and 0.388 ± 0.19 ng/mL (median 0.34) vs. 0.917 ± 2.65 ng/mL (median 0.425) for alcohol (p = 0.004). Patients with dietary changes in the past 6 months had higher androgen levels, BMI, systolic blood pressure and triglycerides than patients with long-term dietary changes (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant differences in key metabolic and biochemical parameters when comparing self-reported diets based on glycemic index (low vs. high). Conclusions: A healthy, balanced diet for women with PCOS requires a multifaceted approach with clear, defined goals. This leads to better results than broad, general dietary recommendations. Long-term dietary changes improve biochemical and metabolic parameters, but maintaining these benefits requires continuous patient motivation.

Introduction and purpose: Endometriosis is a gynecological disease that affects about 10% of women worldwide. Women suffering from endometriosis are susceptible to mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety. It is essential to highlight the psychological struggles of women with endometriosis in order to integrate physical and psychological care and subsequently enhance the treatment outcomes. Materials and Methods: Medical databases such as Pubmed, Embase, Google Scholar were searched for scientific papers on endometriosis and its relationship with the symptoms of depression and anxiety. Research outlined the influence of endometriosis treatment, social stigmatization and non-medicinal approach. State of knowledge: The prevalence of depression and anxiety among women with endometriosis is significant. The symptoms of the disease influence daily struggles, relationship with partners and family, education and career responsibilities, subsequently lowering the quality of life. Women with endometriosis experience social stigmatization manifested not only from society members but also from healthcare professionals. The approach to the medical treatment by patients was discovered to be of consequence. Literature review emphasizes the benefits of psychological support and empathetic attitude of medical practitioners. Conclusions: Multidisciplinary team is essential in order to provide intervention strategies leading to greater therapeutic outcomes in endometriosis treatment. Endometriosis and mental disorders are inextricably connected. More research is needed to accent the importance of mental health in the treatment of physical conditions.

Introduction and purpose: The topic of apple cider vinegar supplementation and insulinresistance is becoming increasingly widespread, especially on the internet, which carriesmany potential risks. There is a need to understand both how apple cider vinegar reducesinsulin resistance and improves metabolic parameters, as well as the potential risks of its use.Material and methods: Medical databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase weresearched for scientific papers on the safety, benefits, mechanisms, and risks of apple cidervinegar in insulin resistance and related conditions. These were analyzed and summarized ina single review.State of knowledge: Apple cider vinegar supplementation contributes to a reduction ininsulin resistance, which is reflected in parameters such as decreased postprandial insulinsecretion, lower levels of triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), reduced fastingglucose, lower HbA1c levels, and supports weight loss, potentially improving insulinsensitivity. In most cases, no adverse effects or serious side effects were observed with dosesof 15-30 ml per day. However, potential risks include delayed gastric emptying, exacerbationof gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), gastrointestinal disturbances, tooth erosion,although one study suggests that such supplementation may be associated with acutepancreatitis.Conclusions: More research is needed on supplementation, particularly regarding itsduration. Another risk is the search for health information online without critically evaluatingthe content. Weight loss through a proper diet and exercise appears to be key for improvinginsulin sensitivity, but supplementation may help achieve results in certain patient groups.

Introduction: Delirium and dementia are among the most common neurocognitive disorders in hospitalized older adults. As populations age, both conditions are becoming a major challenge for healthcare systems. Recent evidence suggests that their relationship is more complex than previously thought, with important implications for diagnosis, prevention, and long-term outcomes. Purpose of Research: This review summarizes current knowledge on the relationship between delirium and dementia in older adults, with emphasis on risk factors, diagnostic difficulties, prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and long-term cognitive consequences. Material and methods: A literature review was conducted using publications identified in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Embase. The selected studies focused on delirium and dementia in hospitalized older adults, including epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, management, and cognitive outcomes. State of knowledge: Delirium remains one of the most common complications of hospitalization in older adults and is still underrecognized, especially in patients with pre-existing dementia. Distinguishing acute delirium from chronic cognitive decline is difficult but essential. Current evidence shows that delirium is associated with longer hospitalization, functional decline, and worse long-term cognitive outcomes. Multicomponent non-pharmacological interventions, such as orientation support, early mobilization, hydration and nutrition optimization, and medication review, appear to be the most effective preventive strategy. More attention is also being paid to rehabilitation and follow-up after discharge. Conclusions: Delirium and dementia are closely interconnected and often coexist in hospitalized older adults. Early recognition, prevention, multidisciplinary management, rehabilitation, and appropriate follow-up are essential to improve outcomes and preserve cognitive function.

Introduction and purpose. Hashimoto's disease affects approximately 3% of the population and its prevalence is steadily increasing. As a result, unverified information and lifestyle-related advice are increasingly appearing on social media. This research aims to systematize knowledge on excessive body weight, physical activity, and nutrition in Hashimoto’s disease. Material and methods. Scientific articles on Hashimoto’s disease were searched in medical databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase, focusing on information about the disease, excessive body weight and healthy lifestyle. State of knowledge. In Hashimoto’s disease, excessive body weight is more commonly seen even in the euthyroid phase. Adhering to the doctors’ treatment recommendations remains the key strategy. Social media should not replace evidence-based information about healthy living with this condition. Balanced nutrition and physical activity are important in combating obesity in Hashimoto’s disease. So far, no specific types of diets or exercise have been shown to offer superior outcomes in patients with this condition. Taking care of patients’ mental health is a crucial element in supporting obesity treatment in the disease, while weight reduction combined with physical activity may lead to an alleviation of depressive symptoms. Conclusions. The most important strategy, alongside pharmacological treatment supervised by a specialist, is adopting a health-promoting lifestyle based on recommendations for the general population. However, individual patient differences must be considered, and lifestyle modifications should be guided holistically under physician supervision.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is an endocrine disorder characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) by the parathyroid glands, disproportionate to the physiological requirement for calcium concentration. This hypersecretion of PTH occurs independently of dysregulation in calcium-phosphate metabolism. The predominant etiology of primary hyperparathyroidism is the presence of a parathyroid adenoma. (7) This case report presents a 68-year-old female patient with a history of osteoporosis, diagnosed in 2019 for osteoarticular pain and hypercalcemia. The suboptimal response to standard osteoporosis treatment was an indication to expand the diagnosis of calcium-phosphate disorders accompanying osteoporosis. Diagnostic evaluation confirmed primary hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid adenoma and appropriate therapeutic measures were subsequently implemented. This report highlights the nonspecific clinical presentation of the disease and the diagnostic difficulties associated with illness. A multidisciplinary approach to the patient is required due to the multifaceted nature of the disease.