To characterize the imaging features of patients with pathologically confirmed intraosseous schwannoma (IOS), institutional pathology and imaging databases were searched for IOS cases over a period of 17 years. A musculoskeletal radiologist evaluated all imaging studies. Additionally, a literature search was performed to identify IOS cases that had imaging findings of at least two modalities. Six patients (one female, five males, mean age of 50 ± 14 years) with IOS were identified, with all lesions localized to the lumbosacral region. Radiographic imaging was available in four patients, while all patients underwent CT and MR imaging. Radiographs depicted lytic lesions, and CT depicted heterogeneous expansile lesions with centrally hypodense areas and peripheral sclerosis. All cases involved extra-osseous extension, producing a mass effect on adjacent soft tissues and nerve roots. On MRI, the neoplasms displayed iso- to- slightly- low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and hyperintense signal intensity on T2-weighted images with heterogeneous enhancement. The literature review resulted in 102 IOS cases, which to the best of our knowledge, is the largest review on IOS, and the imaging findings of the previously published cases were the same as our cases. IOSs are rare benign neoplasms that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of well-defined expansile lytic lesions with sclerotic borders. This is particularly important in middle-aged adults with mandibular, sacral, or vertebral body mass.

Kidney failure (KF) refers to a progressive decline in glomerular filtration rate to below 15 ml/min per 1.73 m², necessitating renal replacement therapy with dialysis or renal transplant. The hemodynamic and metabolic alterations in KF combined with a proinflammatory and coagulopathic state leads to complex multisystemic complications. The imaging hallmark of systemic manifestations of KF is bone resorption caused by secondary hyperparathyroidism. Other musculoskeletal complications include brown tumor, osteosclerosis, calcinosis, soft-tissue calcification, and amyloid arthropathy. Cardiovascular complications and infections are the leading causes of death in KF. Cardiovascular complications include accelerated atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, pericarditis, myocardial calcinosis, and venous thromboembolism. Neurologic complications such as encephalopathy, osmotic demyelination, cerebrovascular disease, and opportunistic infections are also frequently encountered. Pulmonary complications include edema and calcifications. Radiography and CT are used in assessing musculoskeletal and thoracic complications, while MRI plays a key role in assessing neurologic and cardiovascular complications. CT iodinated contrast material is generally avoided in patients with KF except in situations where the benefit of contrast-enhanced CT outweighs the risks and in patients already undergoing maintenance dialysis. At MRI, group II gadolinium-based contrast material can be safely administered in patients with KF. The authors discuss the extrarenal systemic manifestations of KF, the choice of imaging modality in their assessment, and imaging findings of complications. ^©RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article.

Osteotomies can be performed on almost every bone and are commonly encountered indications for imaging studies. These procedures are employed to correct congenital, degenerative, and traumatic osseous deformities, ultimately improving both function and cosmetic appearance. It is crucial for radiologists to be aware of the wide range of surgical osteotomies and to be familiar with reporting clinically relevant imaging findings during surgical planning and post-operative follow-up. In this review, we discuss the indications, techniques, post-operative imaging appearance, and key reporting elements of commonly performed osteotomies, supported by comprehensive illustrative cases.

The extraocular muscles are integral to voluntary and reflexive eye movements, enabling precise gaze control through the coordinated action of six muscles. Variants in extraocular muscle anatomy, though rare, may contribute to disorders of ocular movement. We report a case of a 20-year-old female presenting with recurrent painful ophthalmoplegic neuropathy found to possess a rare anomalous muscular band between the superior and inferior rectus muscles identified on magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits. This report seeks to expand the limited literature on anomalous bands of the orbit by presenting the first radiological imaging-based characterization of this variant, highlighting the need for radiologists and clinicians interpreting orbital magnetic resonance imaging to remain vigilant in identifying atypical orbital soft tissue anatomy and its potential role in visual or eye movement pathologies.