To investigate associations between fruit consumption and lipid profiles, and to further explore a satisfactory level of frequency and daily fruit intake for children and adolescents. A national sample of 14,755 children and adolescents aged 5–19 years from seven provinces in China were recruited. Fasting blood samples were collected to test the lipid profile. Information regarding fruit consumption and other characteristics was collected by questionnaires. Logistic regression models adjusting for confounding covariates were applied to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Participants who consumed fruits for 6–7 days per week had lower risks of high triglycerides (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.58–0.75), dyslipidemia (OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.68–0.86), and hyperlipidemia (OR: 0.72, 95% CI: 0.63–0.81), compared to fruit consumption of 0–2 days per week. Risks of high triglycerides, dyslipidemia and hyperlipidemia of those who consumed fruits for 0.75–1.5 servings each day also decreased, compared to the insufficient fruit intake. The combined effects of high frequency and moderate daily intake of fruit on lipid disorders did not change essentially. The associations were more evident in girls, younger children and those whose families had higher educational levels. Moderate fruit consumption was associated with lower odds of lipid disorders, predominantly in girls, younger participants, and those came from higher-educated families. These findings supported the health effect of moderate fruit intake frequently to improve the childhood lipid profiles.

This study was aimed to investigate the associations between breastfeeding duration and blood pressure (BP) levels, BP Z scores and high BP (HBP) in children and adolescents. A total of 57,201 participants including 29,491 boys and 27,710 girls aged 7–18 years were recruited from seven provinces in China in 2012. HBP was defined as BP levels of ≥95th percentiles of the referent age-, sex-, and height-specific population. Breastfeeding duration was divided into non-breastfeeding, 0–5 months, 6–12 months, and >12 months. Information on demographic, parental or family factors and dietary behaviors was collected through a self-administered questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression models were applied to assess the relationships of breastfeeding duration with BP levels and BP Z scores and with HBP, respectively. Stratified analyses were performed to further investigate the potential subgroup-specific associations. The reported prolonged breastfeeding (>12 months) rate was 22.53% in the total population. After full adjustment, compared to the non-breastfeeding group, breastfeeding for 6–12 months was correlated with 0.43 (95% CI: −0.75, −0.11) and 0.36 (95% CI: −0.61, −0.12) mmHg lower levels of SBP and DBP, respectively. Similar decrease trends were found for BP Z scores. Prolonged breastfeeding (>12 months) was associated with 1.33 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.58) and 1.12 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.33) higher odds of HBP in boys and girls, respectively. Based on nationally representative data, there was no evidence that a longer duration of breastfeeding is protective against childhood HBP. Breastfeeding for 6–12 months may be beneficial to BP, while prolonged breastfeeding durations might increase the odds of HBP in children and adolescents.

Child and adolescent health plays a critical role in shaping future public health and intergenerational outcomes. In China, rising rates of myopia, obesity, mental health issues, and other common conditions highlight the need for continuous monitoring. Since 2016, the Chinese National Surveillance on Students’ Common Diseases and Risk Factors (CNSSCDRF) has provided comprehensive, nationwide data on student health. By 2022, the system had expanded to nearly all counties, tracking key indicators such as vision problems, overweight/obesity, dental caries, and health-risk behaviors across multiple administrative levels. This review outlines the surveillance methodology, including sampling, data collection, and analysis. Findings have directly informed school health policies and technical guidelines, supporting national goals such as those in the Healthy China 2030 Plan.