This study aims to determine the morphological differences according to gender via radiographic images taken from the carpal bones of English setters. A total of 28 bone samples, 16 females and 12 males, were used in the study. The shape differences between males and females were evaluated by placing 27 landmarks on the X-ray images. Principal Component Analyses are used to measure the distribution of variance. In addition, these analyses take the mean shape variation and compare it to shape differences. As a result of this analysis, the value of PC1 explained 24.34% of the total variation. In addition, PC2 explained 16.24% of the total variation, and PC3 explained 10.45%. In addition, the results of PCA were also described in terms of the English setter samples used. Then, Discriminant Function analysis was performed using the same software program. With this analysis, it was tried to determine the differences between the genders. According to the discriminant function test, 13 of 16 female dogs were completely separated from male dogs. Also, all 12 male dogs were separated from female dogs according to the same test results. In short, because of this study, shape differences in the carpal bones of English setters were investigated according to gender.

Bilateral symmetry is quite common in animals, but in some cases, asymmetry can be altered by hereditary or developmental processes. Symmetry may be preserved, or asymmetry may increase as the developmental stages progress. This study applied geometric morphometric analyses at the juvenile and adult stages to investigate directional asymmetry and fluctuating asymmetry in turtle shells. In total, 71 turtle shells (46 adults, 25 juveniles) of Testudo hermanni boettgeri were used. These turtle shells were recorded using the Generalized Procrustes method to interpret developmental asymmetry. A covariance matrix was then applied, followed by principal component analysis. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to explain individual variation. The procedures were applied and interpreted separately to the carapace and plastron. Specific structures, such as the nuchal and neural plates, exhibited a narrower shape than the mean shape configuration in directional asymmetry. The epiplastron region showed significant enlargement in juveniles compared to adults, potentially linked to developmental growth. This study investigated fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and directional asymmetry (DA) in turtle shells by analyzing the carapace and plastron. Although wavy asymmetry was not statistically significant overall, localized shape differences between the edges of the coastal and neural plates of the carapace and the edges of the plastron were observed. The side effects showed statistical significance (p = 0.0005). Environmental or developmental factors may have influenced these differences. Directional asymmetry was statistically significant for the carapace and plastron, indicating consistent shape changes associated with developmental growth. This study revealed significant directional asymmetry in the carapace and plastron of Testudo hermanni boettgeri, reflecting consistent developmental trends.

Objective:Axis is an important bone due to the structures it is adjacent to and the contribution it makes to the bony structure of the neck. This bone is also responsible for carrying the neck. Since there is not any similar study in the literature, we wanted to investigate the three-dimensional geometrical morphometry of the second vertebrae cervicales, specifically the axis. For this purpose, 17 axis bones from 8 different domestic species belonging to the carnivora family were analysed. Materials and Methods:CT images of the bones were converted into three-dimensional (3D) bone surfaces. A total of 102 landmarks were applied to the images recorded with the generalised procrustes method. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed with SlicerMorph programme. As a result of this analysis, shape variations of the bones were analysed. In addition, Procrustes Distance and Centroid size values of the bones were measured with the same programme. These values were processed into SPSS programme and the effect of age and weight on size was investigated by regression analysis. Results:The shape changes of the bones were analysed from five different faces (cranial, caudal, lateral, dorsal, ventral). As a result of these analyses, shape variations were observed and these variations were explained. As a result of PCA, PC1 explained 21.04%, PC2 explained 13.6% and PC3 explained 12% of the total variation. In addition, age and weight were statistically significant with centroid size as a result of regression analysis. Conclusion: Additionally, age and weight were found to be statistically significant in relation to centroid size in the regression analysis. In conclusion, the dimensional development and morphological changes of the vertebrae are significantly influenced by both age and body weight.

The nasal and orbital regions, in particular, exhibit remarkable variations in both respiratory functions and facial morphology. This study conducted a descriptive investigation of how morphological features in the nasal and orbital regions of mesocephalic dogs vary among individuals across different climates. This study does not aim to test the direct effect of climate on cranial morphology, but rather to evaluate whether a climate-based grouping of dog breeds corresponds to measurable shape variation. The skulls of 31 breeds were used in the study. Dogs were grouped according to whether they lived in harsh (n: 13), moderate (n: 11) and warm (n: 7) climates. The skulls were modeled using three-dimensional images provided by Kubinyi et al. (2024). 20 landmarks were marked in the nasal region (apertura nasalis ossea) and 22 in the left orbital region. The MorphoJ program was used. As a result of the PCA, it was observed that warm-climate dogs were partially separated according to the PC1 distribution graph. According to cross-validation scores, although not statistically significant, the harsh and warm climate dogs were correctly grouped with a high percentage (75%). The study reveals that there are certain morphological shape differences between different climate groups, and these differences show a remarkable trend towards climate-based separation. However, these differences are not at a level that would create a statistically significant separation. This situation points to a potential effect of climate on cranial shape variation, but suggests that the observed variation is largely related to breed-specific morphological characteristics.