The pressing need to enhance the efficiency of wastewater treatment is underscored by the significant threat that water pollution poses to human health and environmental stability. Among current remediation techniques, photocatalysis has emerged as a promising approach due to its reliance on advanced material properties. Cerium oxide’s tunable bandgap and defect engineering, combined with graphene’s high surface area, conductivity, and functionalization, synergistically enhance photocatalytic performance. This makes CeO₂-graphene composites highly promising for environmental remediation applications. This review paper systematically examines water pollution challenges and evaluates existing treatment methodologies, with a particular emphasis on CeO₂-based photocatalysts modified with graphene and its derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO). These composites demonstrate potential for superior photocatalytic performance and reactor design. Key issues, including environmental impact, stability, reusability, and compatibility of these materials with evolving technologies, are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, considerations for scaling production and commercializing these composites are addressed, suggesting avenues for future research and industrial applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the synergistic effects of CeO₂ and graphene-based materials, opening new possibilities for advanced clean water treatment technologies.

Objective Polypharmacy, the concurrent use of five or more medications, is prevalent among older adults with Diabetes, a population at elevated risk for medication-related complications. Complex treatment regimens for Diabetes and its comorbidities exacerbate challenges such as medication non-adherence, drug interactions, adverse events, and increased hospitalization risk. This review aimed to estimate the prevalence of polypharmacy among older adults with Diabetes. Method Following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, we performed a systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Screened articles using Nested Knowledge software. Eligible studies included those aged 60 years or older with Diabetes, reporting on the prevalence of polypharmacy. Study quality was assessed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, and meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models in R software version 4.4.1. Publication bias was indicated by a Doi plot with an LFK index. Results The pooled prevalence of polypharmacy was 59% (95% CI, 48%-70%). Subgroup analyses showed a prevalence of 55% in retrospective studies and 62% in cross-sectional studies. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the stability of the results. Significant geographic variability was noted, with lower prevalence in high-income countries compared to regions in Southern Europe and Asia. Conclusions Polypharmacy is highly prevalent among older adults with Diabetes, with significant variability across study designs and geographic regions. Targeted interventions and further research are essential to address its associated risks and optimize medication management.