Recent advances in microbiome research have highlighted the oral cavity as a complex and dynamic ecosystem, home to over 700 microbial species that play critical roles in both oral and systemic health. The oral microbiota not only maintains local tissue homeostasis but also serves as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, contributing to the global spread of resistance. Frequent and sometimes inappropriate antibiotic use in dental practice, along with exposure to antiseptics and biocides, drives the emergence and horizontal transfer of resistance determinants within oral biofilms. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms and ecological drivers of AMR in the oral microbiome, emphasizing the clinical implications of dysbiosis and drug-resistant infections. The authors advocate for the development of dental clinical guidelines tailored to the unique characteristics of the oral microbiota, focusing on personalized therapy through molecular diagnostics, standardized AMR risk assessment, and the integration of non-antibiotic strategies such as probiotics and photodynamic therapy. Continuous education in antimicrobial stewardship and the implementation of oral-specific AMR surveillance is also highlighted as an essential component of effective resistance management. To support rational prescribing, a dedicated mobile application has been developed, leveraging microbiota data and resistance profiles to guide evidence-based, targeted therapy and reduce unnecessary antibiotic use. Collectively, these strategies aim to preserve antibiotic efficacy, ensure patient safety, and promote sustainable infection management in the dental field.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are transforming the management of acute appendicitis by enhancing diagnostic accuracy, optimizing treatment strategies, and improving patient outcomes. This study reviews AI applications across all stages of appendicitis care, from triage to postoperative management, using sources from PubMed/MEDLINE, IEEE Xplore, arXiv, Web of Science, and Scopus, covering publications up to 14 February 2025. AI models have demonstrated potential in triage, enabling rapid differentiation of appendicitis from other causes of abdominal pain. In diagnostics, ML algorithms incorporating clinical, laboratory, imaging, and demographic data have improved accuracy and reduced uncertainty. These tools also predict disease severity, aiding decisions between conservative management and surgery. Radiomics further enhances diagnostic precision by analyzing imaging data. Intraoperatively, AI applications are emerging to support real-time decision-making, assess procedural steps, and improve surgical training. Postoperatively, ML models predict complications such as abscess formation and sepsis, facilitating early interventions and personalized recovery plans. This is the first comprehensive review to examine AI’s role across the entire appendicitis treatment process, including triage, diagnosis, severity prediction, intraoperative assistance, and postoperative prognosis. Despite its potential, challenges remain regarding data quality, model interpretability, ethical considerations, and clinical integration. Future efforts should focus on developing end-to-end AI-assisted workflows that enhance diagnosis, treatment, and patient outcomes while ensuring equitable access and clinician oversight.

High-phenolic extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a chemically dynamic bioactive matrix in which cultivar, ripening stage, processing, storage, and digestion shape the final profile of phenolic alcohols and secoiridoids. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic intestinal inflammation is associated with barrier dysfunction, dysbiosis, systemic immune activation, endothelial injury, platelet hyperreactivity, and increased cardiovascular risk. This narrative review evaluates whether EVOO phenolics may intersect the gut–endothelium–platelet axis linking IBD to vascular and thromboinflammatory complications. The review focuses on hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein- and ligstroside-derived secoiridoids, oleocanthal, and oleacein, with emphasis on their biosynthetic origin, processing-driven transformations, bioavailability, metabolism, and biological targets. Current evidence supports plausible effects on epithelial barrier integrity, TLR4/NF-κB signalling, Nrf2-mediated antioxidant defence, oxidised LDL formation, endothelial activation, and platelet-related pathways. Nevertheless, direct clinical evidence in IBD patients remains limited, and most cardiovascular-relevant findings are extrapolated from non-IBD human trials, animal studies, or in vitro models. Chemically characterised, biomarker-anchored intervention trials are needed before high-phenolic EVOO can be considered a validated strategy for modifying cardiovascular risk in IBD.

Food-derived bioactives can modify the endothelial glycocalyx, but chemical identity, achievable exposure and the meaning of the measured response must be considered together. This narrative review integrates evidence identified through PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science to examine those connections. Experimental studies show reduced loss of surface glycans, altered glycosaminoglycan turnover and changes in layer hydration; selected studies also demonstrate improved permeability or flow-related signaling. These findings support glycocalyx modulation as a biological effect, while distinguishing preservation, swelling and post-injury recovery. Quantitative comparisons reveal substantial gaps between some active culture concentrations and human plasma exposure, compounded by conjugation and uncertain absorption of intact polysaccharides. Surface staining, circulating syndecan-1 and the perfused boundary region measure different processes and cannot individually establish complete restoration. Human trials show favorable surrogate outcomes for some preparations and neutral results for others; multicomponent products and small samples limit ingredient attribution, and responsive patient groups remain unestablished. The contribution of this review is to connect chemical and exposure evidence with what each endothelial endpoint can substantiate. Together, the studies support specific mechanisms of surface-layer modulation but do not yet establish sustained vascular benefit from oral glycocalyx-directed nutrition.