Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health disorder that causes significant dysfunction in individuals. Currently, there are many approved pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy treatment options for PTSD, but unfortunately, half of the patients do not respond to traditional therapies. In this article, we review clinical trials and research on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-assisted psychotherapy in PTSD patients, its pharmacokinetics, and current treatment guidelines for PTSD. Our findings are based on the results of the efficacy of MDMA-assisted psychotherapy from six phase II randomized controlled trials. MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD has received the “breakthrough therapy” designation from the FDA. MDMA can reduce PTSD symptoms even in treatment-resistant cases by increasing certain neurohormones, i.e., dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, and oxytocin. It also modulates activities in the brain regions involved in fear and anxiety. Future research is needed to show whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages and whether its use can be integrated into available treatment options for PTSD.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental health disorder that causes significant dysfunction in individuals. Currently, there are many approved Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy treatment options for PTSD, but unfortunately, half of the patients do not respond to traditional therapies. In this article, we reviewed clinical trials and research on 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) assisted Psychotherapy in PTSD patients, its pharmacokinetics and current treatment guidelines for PTSD. Based on the results of the efficacy of MDMA assisted Psychotherapy from six phases II Randomized controlled trials. MDMA-assisted Psychotherapy for PTSD has received the “Breakthrough Therapy” designation from the FDA. MDMA can potentially reduce PTSD symptoms even in treatment-resistant cases by increasing certain neurohormones, i.e. dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine and oxytocin. It also modulates activities in the brain regions involved in fear and anxiety. Future research is needed to show whether the advantages outweigh the disadvantages and whether its use can be integrated into available treatment options for PTSD.

Objectives: This study aims to compare differences in outcomes between ST -Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) patients based on the presence or absence of Standard Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors (SMuRFs). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Cardiology Department of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Study participants were divided into two groups based on STEMI classification: SMuRF vs. SMuRF-less. Patient characteristics, ECG, angiographic, and echocardiographic data were collected. In-hospital outcomes and mortality within a 3-day hospital stay were evaluated. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to compare the prognosis of SMuRF vs. SMuRF-less patients Results: 150 patients were enrolled, with 113 (75.3%) in the SMuRF group and 37 (24.6%) in the SMuRF-less group. Younger patients (18–25 years) were more prevalent in the SMuRF-less group (66%). Inferior wall MI was more commonly associated with four risk factors than anterior wall MI (12.5% vs. 2.7%, p=0.021). In-hospital outcomes showed no significant differences between SMuRF and SMuRF-less patients, including heart failure (OR 0.973, 95% CI: 0.447–2.119), mitral regurgitation (OR 1.158, 95% CI: 0.291–4.613), heart block (OR 0.757, 95% CI: 0.082–6.99), recurrent infarction (OR 0.323, 95% CI: 0.071–1.469), and renal failure (OR 0.600, 95% CI: 0.068–5.307). No deaths were reported in either group. Conclusion: Our study highlighted the trend of patients without SMuRF and its association with a younger age group. IWMI was more commonly associated with four risk factors, and there was no difference in in-hospital outcomes between SMuRF and SMuRF-less patients.