Leptin, a hormone released by the body to regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger, decreases fat storage in adipocytes. Leptin is thought to play some role in obesity and insulin resistance. In this study, our aim is to see the association of leptin with obesity and insulin resistance. This case-control study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from January 2020 to April 2020. Ninety-two participants with BMI greater than 25 kg/m², with no known comorbidities were enrolled in the study after informed consent. Ninety-two participants, who came to the outpatient department without a history of chronic disease, with BMI less than 25 kg/m² were enrolled as a control group. Data were collected via self-structured questionnaires. Their blood was drawn and sent to the laboratory for cholesterol levels, insulin resistance and leptin levels. Serum leptin levels (51.24 ± 18.12 vs. 9.10 ± 2.99: p-value, < 0.0001), serum cholesterol levels (198.2 ± 32.1 vs. 151.2 ± 21.2, p-value < 0.0001) and insulin resistance (7.9 ± 2.1 vs. 6.3 ± 1.9, p-value < 0.0001) were higher in obese patients. As per the results of this study, obesity was associated with increase serum leptin levels and insulin resistance. Further multi-centric studies are required to prove the possible relationship, which might help devise plans to manage obesity.

Cardiovascular disease is common in woman of all age, including child bearing age. In this study, we aim to compare maternal and fetal outcome in pregnant woman with and without preexisting cardiovascular disease. This case control single center study was conducted by Obstetrics & Gynecology department and Cardiology department Shaikh Zayed Medical College/Hospital Rahimyar Khan from 1^st March 2020 to 30^th June 2020. Pregnant woman with preexisting cardiovascular disease had more preterm births and newborn with lower birth weight. Maternal and fetal deaths were numerical higher in pregnant women with preexisting cardiovascular disease but statistically non-significant compared to woman without preexisting cardiovascular disease. It is important to identify underlying cardiovascular disease in pregnant woman. Proper counselling throughout pregnancy is needed and efforts should be made to minimize risk of maternal and fetal complications.

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are two common treatment options used in patients suffering from coronary artery disease. Selection and favorability of one over the other depend on individual clinical scenarios. The purpose of this study is to compare outcomes after treatment with PCI and CABG. This longitudinal observational study was conducted from April 2018 to July 2019 in a cardiovascular unit of a tertiary care hospital. Participants who were eligible for revascularization were randomized either to receive stent (PCI) or surgery (CABG). Patients were then followed up for 12 months for the development of all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). At 12 months, patients randomized to the PCI group had an increased risk of repeat revascularization (21.3% vs. 7.4%; p = 0.007), whereas a similar number of patients in both groups died (3.8% vs. 3.7%), suffered myocardial infarction (7.6% vs. 5.6%), or had a cerebrovascular accident (3.8% vs. 2.8%). This study showed that PCI had an increased risk of repeat revascularization compared to CABG. However, both had comparable significance in the development of MACEs. Nevertheless, there is a need for further study to better assess the outcomes of either, especially in the long run.

Objectives: This study aims to compare differences in outcomes between ST -Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) patients based on the presence or absence of Standard Modifiable Cardiovascular Risk Factors (SMuRFs). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Cardiology Department of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Study participants were divided into two groups based on STEMI classification: SMuRF vs. SMuRF-less. Patient characteristics, ECG, angiographic, and echocardiographic data were collected. In-hospital outcomes and mortality within a 3-day hospital stay were evaluated. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to compare the prognosis of SMuRF vs. SMuRF-less patients Results: 150 patients were enrolled, with 113 (75.3%) in the SMuRF group and 37 (24.6%) in the SMuRF-less group. Younger patients (18–25 years) were more prevalent in the SMuRF-less group (66%). Inferior wall MI was more commonly associated with four risk factors than anterior wall MI (12.5% vs. 2.7%, p=0.021). In-hospital outcomes showed no significant differences between SMuRF and SMuRF-less patients, including heart failure (OR 0.973, 95% CI: 0.447–2.119), mitral regurgitation (OR 1.158, 95% CI: 0.291–4.613), heart block (OR 0.757, 95% CI: 0.082–6.99), recurrent infarction (OR 0.323, 95% CI: 0.071–1.469), and renal failure (OR 0.600, 95% CI: 0.068–5.307). No deaths were reported in either group. Conclusion: Our study highlighted the trend of patients without SMuRF and its association with a younger age group. IWMI was more commonly associated with four risk factors, and there was no difference in in-hospital outcomes between SMuRF and SMuRF-less patients.