Purpose of Review: The purpose of this review is to highlight relevant literature on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of renal cell carcinoma with a tumor thrombus (RCC-TT), metastatic management, and the role of systemic therapy (ST). Recent Findings: Current research indicates different prevalences and presentations by geography, with many classification systems for RCC-TT. Pathophysiology remains poorly understood for TT formation. Some patients may benefit from cytoreductive nephrectomy with tumor thrombectomy (CN-TT) as well as ST administration, but this population is poorly defined. Summary: RCC-TT is a complex disease to manage and lacks high-powered publications relative to RCC without a TT. Future research should focus on the genetics behind TT formation and propagation, CN-TT outcomes, and which patients should receive ST and the optimal timing/dosage.

Background: The incidence of urinary tract infections (UTIs) after radical cystectomy (RC) with urinary diversion (UD), the typical pathogens, and associated patient risk factors have not been well documented. In this study, we examined the incidence of post-op UTIs after RC to identify associated risk factors. Methods: Single-center, retrospective case series of 386 patients with bladder cancer who underwent RC with UD between 2012 and 2024. The primary objective was UTI incidence, defined by the frequency of patients with urine culture with >10⁵ colony-forming units per high-powered field, spanning from post-op day 0 (POD0) to 90 days after discharge. Isolated pathogens were reported. Risk factors for UTIs were assessed. Results: The average age was 69 years old at surgery, and patients were predominantly male (80%). The cumulative incidence of post-op UTIs was 14%, among which 12 patients had more than one UTI. The UTI incidence was 2%, 8%, and 7% during the immediate post-op period, within 30 days, and within 31–90 days, respectively. Isolated pathogens included Escherichia coli (26%), Enterococcus faecalis (24%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (21%), and Pseudomonas species (21%). In the immediate post-op period, female sex was the only significant risk factor. At 31 to 90 days, cutaneous ureterostomy UD was the predominant risk factor for UTIs. For ileal conduit patients, those with a Wallace ureteral anastomosis were associated with UTI 31–90 days from discharge for RC. Conclusions: Our retrospective data suggests the incidence of UTIs and their causative pathogens after RC differ based on post-operative time points and vary according to different patient risk factors.

Aims: The aim of this manuscript was to provide a narrative review of the etiopathology of three different interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) phenotypes: Hunner lesion, widespread pain, and low bladder capacity. Methods: IC/BPS literature was reviewed by the authors specific to the three phenotypes, focusing on etiopathology. Evidence was condensed and summarized on the different causes of each phenotype, emphasizing papers and abstracts dealing with basic science research, symptoms, and treatment options for patients afflicted with the three different IC/BPS phenotypes. Results: Hunner lesion patients are marked by a distinct, visible inflammatory lesion in the bladder, inflammatory serum and urinary biomarkers, and respond well to bladder‐centric treatments targeted specifically at the Hunner lesions. Widespread pain patients have diffuse pain attributed to central nervous system changes manifesting in the bladder, often with co‐occurring non‐bladder chronic pain conditions such as fibromyalgia and seem to respond better to systemic therapies. Low bladder capacity patients have a marked decrease in anesthetic bladder capacity during therapeutic hydrodistension of the bladder. They also tend to have higher pain scores, symptoms specifically concentrated at the bladder, and respond to localized treatments, constituting another bladder centric phenotype. Conclusions: IC/BPS should not be thought to represent one unique type or pathophysiology, but rather a diverse group of patients, each with their own etiopathology and phenotypic manifestations. Clinical Trial Registration: This was a narrative review and did not involve any direct intervention on patients nor direct patient contact and was not a clinical trial.

Salvage robot assisted radical prostatectomy (sRARP) is performed for patients with biochemical or biopsy proven, localized prostate cancer recurrences after radiation or ablative therapies. Traditionally, sRARP has been avoided by lower volume surgeons due to technical demand and high complication rates. Post-radiation sRARP outcomes studies exist but remain few in number. With increasing use of whole gland and focal ablative therapies, updates on sRARP in this setting are needed. The aim of this narrative review is to provide an overview of recently reviewed studies on the oncologic outcomes, functional outcomes, and complications after post-radiation and post-ablative sRARP. Tips and tricks are provided to guide surgeons who may perform sRARP.