Tin was electrodeposited from chloride solutions using a membrane cell under ultrasonic waves. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), chronoamperometry (CHR), and chronopotentiometry were applied to investigate the electrochemical mechanism of tin electrodeposition under ultrasonic field. Chronoamperometry curves showed that the initial process of tin electrodeposition followed the diffusion controlled three-dimensional nucleation and grain growth mechanism. The analysis of the cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry diagrams showed that the application of ultrasound can change the tin membrane electro-deposition reaction from diffusion to electrochemical control, and the optimum parameters for tin electrodeposition were H+ concentration 3.5 mol·L-1, temperature 35 °C and ultrasonic power 100 W. The coupling ultrasonic field played a role in refining the grain in this process. The growth of tin crystals showed no orientation preferential, and the tin deposition showed a tendency to form a regular network structure after ultrasonic coupling. While in the absence of ultrasonic coupling, the growth of tin crystals has a high preferential orientation, and the tin deposition showed a tendency to form tin whiskers. Ultrasonic coupling was more favorable for obtaining a more compact and smoother cathode tin layer.

The present study aims to characterize and separate bismuth from a bismuth glance concentrate through a low-temperature sulfur-fixing smelting process. It reports on the effects of the optimization of process parameters such as sodium carbonate (Na₂CO₃) and zinc oxide (ZnO) weight percentage in charging, smelting temperature, and smelting duration on the bismuth yield and resultant crude bismuth grade. A maximum bismuth recovery rate of 97.31% and a crude bismuth grade of 96.93% are obtained when a charge (containing 63.5 wt% Na₂CO₃, 22.5 wt% bismuth glance, and 5% in excess of the stoichiometric requirement of ZnO dosage) is smelted at 900°C for 150 min. Based on the results of the chemical content analysis of separated ZnS, more than 93% ZnS can be recovered, and the recovered ZnS grade can reach 60.2%.

Manganese is a critical metal for modern industry, essential in steelmaking and increasingly important for the production of advanced battery materials. As one of the world’s leading consumers and importers of manganese, China faces a persistent supply–demand imbalance, primarily due to the predominance of low-grade domestic resources that are highly impure and are further characterized by complex mineral textures and assemblages. This challenge is further exacerbated by surging demand from emerging sectors, particularly green energy technologies. This review systematically summarizes the current status of China’s manganese resources, focusing on their geological characteristics, genetic classifications, temporal and spatial distributions, and metallogenic belts. Recent advances in ore-forming theory and major breakthroughs in exploration over the past decade are critically reviewed, with emphasis on their implications for prospecting strategies and metallogenic models. The findings aim to guide future research directions and support strategic resource planning and industrial upgrading.