Salix kusanoi is an endangered riparian tree species endemic to Taiwan. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure across eight fragmented populations employing 33 microsatellite loci. The findings revealed moderate genetic diversity (mean A_E = 3.85, H_O = 0.22) and significant deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. This indicated an evolutionary pressure, such as genetic drift and inbreeding. The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) demonstrated evident genetic differentiation among populations (F_ST = 0.30). Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and Bayesian clustering (STRUCTURE) described distinct regional genetic patterns, with K = 5 providing a robust context for understanding localized genetic variation. Conservation interventions, including targeted in situ conservation for genetically unique populations (SBF) and genetic rescue strategies for genetically underprivileged populations (NW and NT), are proposed to safeguard the genetic integrity and adaptive potential of S. kusanoi.

Before the present study, the family Metarbelidae in Taiwan was known for only one species, Marcopoloia discipuncta. During an investigation of the lepidopteran fauna of Kinmen island in 2022, a Stueningeria species that had never been reported by any of previous entomological studies on Kinmen was discovered. Based on the morphological characters distinct from other congeneric species, we determine the specimens from Kinmen as a species new to science. In addition, “Arbela dea" was often regarded as a timber pest in China and Taiwan. This species, however, has already been transferred to Marcopoloia and restricted to Myanmar. Another pest species, which has been misidentified as “Arbela baibarana” (a junior synonym of Marcolopoia discipuncta) in Chinese literature for long, is actually belonging to Stueningeria. We therefore consider the taxonomic identity of the Stueningeria in southern China needs to be clarified when sufficient specimens and molecular data become available.

Citrus species, one of the most economically and therapeutically significant fruit groups, exhibit a diverse phytochemical composition that contributes to their extensive medicinal and industrial applications. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and functional roles of Citrus species in the food and nutraceutical industries. The presence of flavonoids, carotenoids, and essential oils underlies their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, despite their wide utility, the genetic diversity of Citrus species is increasingly threatened by environmental changes, habitat loss, and emerging diseases. While numerous studies have explored their bioactive compounds, gaps remain in the experimental validation of their medicinal potential and the development of effective conservation strategies. This review underscores the necessity for integrative approaches that combine phytochemical research, sustainable agricultural practices, and genetic conservation efforts to ensure the long-term viability and utility of Citrus species.