Salix kusanoi is an endangered riparian tree species endemic to Taiwan. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure across eight fragmented populations employing 33 microsatellite loci. The findings revealed moderate genetic diversity (mean A_E = 3.85, H_O = 0.22) and significant deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. This indicated an evolutionary pressure, such as genetic drift and inbreeding. The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) demonstrated evident genetic differentiation among populations (F_ST = 0.30). Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) and Bayesian clustering (STRUCTURE) described distinct regional genetic patterns, with K = 5 providing a robust context for understanding localized genetic variation. Conservation interventions, including targeted in situ conservation for genetically unique populations (SBF) and genetic rescue strategies for genetically underprivileged populations (NW and NT), are proposed to safeguard the genetic integrity and adaptive potential of S. kusanoi.

Understanding genetic diversity and population structure in wild Citrus relatives is crucial for conservation and crop improvement. Here, we examined genetic variation in Atalantia buxifolia from the island of Taiwan and Atalantia ceylanica from Sri Lanka using 21 transferable microsatellite (SSR) markers originally developed for Citrus. A total of 132 individuals from 13 populations were genotyped. Both species exhibited moderate levels of polymorphism, with A. buxifolia showing slightly higher allelic richness and heterozygosity than A. ceylanica. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that most genetic variation occurred within individuals (68% in A. buxifolia and 82% in A. ceylanica), while moderate population differentiation was detected (F_ST = 0.356 and 0.204, respectively). STRUCTURE, DAPC, PCoA, and F_ST analyses revealed distinct regional clustering in A. buxifolia, particularly in the Shoushan population, whereas populations of A. ceylanica were weakly structured. Monmonier’s analysis identified genetic barriers only in A. buxifolia, and BayesAss indicated high self-recruitment and localized gene flow in both species. Overall, these results suggest high within-population genetic diversity but limited connectivity among populations, shaped by geographic isolation and habitat fragmentation. Our findings provide a baseline for conservation planning in Atalantia populations and highlight the importance of maintaining habitat connectivity to preserve genetic resilience.

Citrus species, one of the most economically and therapeutically significant fruit groups, exhibit a diverse phytochemical composition that contributes to their extensive medicinal and industrial applications. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the phytochemistry, pharmacological properties, and functional roles of Citrus species in the food and nutraceutical industries. The presence of flavonoids, carotenoids, and essential oils underlies their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, despite their wide utility, the genetic diversity of Citrus species is increasingly threatened by environmental changes, habitat loss, and emerging diseases. While numerous studies have explored their bioactive compounds, gaps remain in the experimental validation of their medicinal potential and the development of effective conservation strategies. This review underscores the necessity for integrative approaches that combine phytochemical research, sustainable agricultural practices, and genetic conservation efforts to ensure the long-term viability and utility of Citrus species.