En este contexto, las generaciones que actualmente cursan educación superior en Chile han enfrentado un número importante de eventos adversos. Por un lado, el ingreso a la educación universitaria ha sido marcado por un proceso de selección 2020 irregular, cuya aplicación de pruebas a lo largo del país fue afectada por manifestaciones sociales⁶. Luego, producto de la pandemia, dichos estudiantes han debido adaptarse repentinamente a nuevas condiciones educativas, accediendo a sus clases y evaluaciones a través de canales digitales. Es decir, en un contexto de incertidumbre económica y miedo al contagio, esta población ha seguido enfrentando las demandas normativas del rendimiento académico, a través de canales no acostumbrados. En este nuevo escenario, la mayoría de las instituciones de educación superior han intentado mitigar en paralelo las dificultades de sus estudiantes, sin necesariamente manejar suficiente información respecto a las condiciones y estado de salud de éstos⁷.

A body of evidence indicates an association between ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) and health outcomes. Most of it has been obtained through preclinical studies, although a number of observational studies substantiate how a high intake of these products increases the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders, and an increasing amount of dietary intervention studies confirm these findings. The aim of this narrative review is to describe some of the putative mechanisms involved in the deleterious effects of a high intake of UPFs on neuropsychiatric outcomes. A myriad of unhealthy actions may be associated with the consumption of UPFs, and some mechanisms are being discussed. They include UPFs’ high caloric density; their high sugar, sodium, and additives content and low amounts of fiber; and a high palatability that induces overconsumption, acting as obesogens. Moreover, thermal treatment of these foods generates oxidative products such as glycotoxins, lipotoxins, and acrolein, all of which affect the brain. The chemical products act, directly or indirectly, on the gut microbiome and affect the gut–brain axis, causing neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. UPFs also exert various epigenetic effects that affect mental health and might explain the intergenerational inheritance of neuropsychiatric disorders. A diet containing a high proportion of these foods has a low nutritional density, including bioactive protective agents such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds that promote eubiosis. The evidence shows that UPFs intake affects neuropsychiatric outcomes such as neurodegeneration, cognitive decline, dementia, and mood disorders and reinforces the need to promote a healthy dietary pattern throughout all life stages, thus interfering with the current commercial determinants of health.

The purpose of this paper is to describe verbal and nonverbal expressions of mutual regulation between patients and therapists through the analysis of relevant episodes of five psychotherapy processes. Microanalyses of discourse, vocal quality and facial expression of emotions were conducted on both patients and therapists in 67 Episodes of Change and 86 Episodes of Rupture of the Therapeutic Alliance. The analyses were carried out using hierarchical regression, showing that both Episodes of Change and Episodes of Rupture correspond to interactional scenarios where patients and therapists use different forms of speech, vocal qualities and facial expressions that account for specific regulation processes which are coherent with such scenarios.

There has been a growing interest in mentalization in clinical research given its relationship with normal and psychopathological functioning and its explanatory potential as a mechanism of psychotherapeutic change. This study uses the Reflective Functioning Scale (RFS) to identify and characterize mentalization manifestations in psychotherapeutic interaction. Method: the RFS was applied to a sample of relevant episodes — 44 sessions from five different psychotherapy processes carried out with adult patients who had different diagnoses. Results: we observed a higher probability of reflective functioning (RF) passages in relevant events than in neutral segments. There were no differences in the RF passages according to episode or actor type, but there were in RF Failures, which is more likely in patients and during rupture episodes. Discussion: although certain modifications are necessary, the RFS can be applied to clinical material, and it is a promising strategy for the study of mentalization within psychotherapy.

The study of the ruptures of the therapeutic alliance has impacted research in psychotherapy by highlighting the relational nature of this phenomenon. Despite ruptures are frequent and relevant during adolescent psychotherapy, most of the empirical evidence in this field has been carried out with adults. Understanding the subjective experience of the therapist during ruptures while working with adolescent is proposed as a starting point for the study of this type of interactional scenarios. The study examined the meanings that emerge from the therapists’ experience in terms of their explanations about the causes and effects of ruptures with adolescents. Eight psychotherapists were interviewed about their experiences during ruptures with young patients. The data was qualitatively analyzed through the Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis method. Four categories emerged: the failure to recognize the adolescent’s experience, the intensity of the affective experience of adolescents in psychotherapy, therapeutic boundaries as an articulator of the therapeutic purpose and, the obstacles that family generates during the therapeutic process. This study concurs with the literature on the need to make explicit with the family about the meaning, roles and limits of the therapy, and to prevent the exercise of control from an adultcentered position. It is concluded that in order to avoid and repair ruptures with adolescents in psychotherapy, an approach that integrates a sensitive attitude, an ecological point of view and mentalizing about the origin of the rupture is needed.