This study investigates the impact of sewage sludge-based composts on the quality of sod-podzolic soils (Fluvisols, WRB), which are naturally acidic and low in fertility. A field experiment with eight variants was conducted, applying different doses of sewage sludge and composts mixed with organic materials to enhance soil properties. Energy crops, including Salix viminalis L., Miscanthus × giganteus, and Panicum virgatum L., along with Helianthus tuberosus, were cultivated in three replications to ensure research reliability. The study assessed changes in physicochemical soil properties, nutrient availability, and heavy metal accumulation within the soil-plant-ash continuum. Results indicated that compost application improved soil fertility, increased biomass yields, and influenced heavy metal dynamics, with variations depending on the applied compost type and dosage. The findings highlight the potential of sewage sludge composts to enhance soil productivity while maintaining environmental safety.

The purpose of the work is to analyze the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in ensuring the safety of critical infrastructure facilities. To achieve the goal, the following tasks were solved. First, the problem was considered and the research task was set. It is shown that unmanned aerial vehicles pose a significant danger to critical state infrastructure facilities. At the next stage, typical objects of the state’s critical infrastructure are described and a typical nuclear power plant is taken as an example. It is shown that unmanned aerial vehicles have a wide range of typification both by design features and by classification features. The analysis was carried out and possible ways of using unmanned aerial vehicles against the object of critical infrastructure were presented. It is shown that small and medium-sized unmanned aerial vehicles can be used by criminals as both reconnaissance and local strike means of damaging the infrastructure of a critical infrastructure object. Large unmanned aerial vehicles can be used as unguided means of destruction and as means of supporting the actions of sabotage groups. Recommendations are provided for the protection of critical infrastructure objects from the action of unmanned aerial vehicles of various classifications, namely the use of electronic warfare systems, radar systems, thermal imaging systems, sound detection systems of unmanned aerial vehicles and the use of large-caliber cannon-machine gun stationary and mobile anti-aircraft systems for their neutralization , portable and stationary anti-aircraft missile systems and systems for interception of unmanned aerial vehicles using a directed electromagnetic signal.