Volleyball requires repeated explosive actions, agility, and technical precision, demanding contributions from both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems. T

Warm-up programs in sports education can provide positive developments in motor and technical skills. The objective of this study was to determine the acute effects of ballistic, dynamic, and static warm-up protocols on motor and technical skills in male handball players. Twelve male handball players (mean age: 19.50±3.97 years) from the second league in Turkey participated in this study voluntarily. Warm-up protocols were implemented for the participants at the same time on three different days. At the beginning of the study, the height and body masses of the handball players were measured. After each warm-up protocol, 9-m shot, over-the-block shot, vertical jump, T agility, 20-m sprint, flexibility, and flamingo balance tests were conducted on the participants. The normality level of the data was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk test using the SPSS statistical program. While Repeated Measures ANOVA and the Bonferroni test from post hoc analysis were applied to data with normal distribution, the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with the Bonferroni correction were used for non-normally distributed data. According to our findings, there was a significant difference between the warm-up protocols in the T agility, flexibility, and over-the-block shooting tests (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was found in the vertical jump, 20-m sprint, balance, or 9-m shooting tests (p > 0.05). The ballistic warm-up protocol applied to male handball players in sports education provided positive improvements in flexibility and over-the-block shooting skills, while the dynamic warm-up protocol yielded positive improvements in agility and flexibility.

Background: Adolescence is a critical period where exercise-induced oxidative stress is modulated by both training adaptations and hormonal changes, particularly the antioxidant effects of estrogen in females. However, data on how adolescent female athletes respond to long-term exercise remain limited. The aim of this study was to examine oxidative stress levels and some antioxidant defense parameters in adolescent female athletes who train regularly. Methods: The study included 20 adolescent female basketball players (16.65 ± 0.67 years; 165.50 ± 0.06 cm; 59.75 ± 5.50 kg) with at least three years of training experience and 20 non-athlete adolescent female participants (16.80 ± 0.69 years; 159.95 ± 0.04 cm; 60.15 ± 4.23 kg). Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) levels were analyzed by a spectrophotometric method using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer in blood samples taken from all participants, and the data were compared between the groups. Results: The results showed that MDA levels were significantly lower in the athlete group (p < 0.01; d = 4.78). In addition, CAT activity was significantly higher in athletes compared to non-athletes (p < 0.01; d = 7.81). However, no significant difference was observed in GSH levels between the groups (p > 0.05; d = 0.15). A strong negative correlation was found between MDA and CAT (r = −0.900). Conclusions: These findings suggest that prolonged exercise reduces oxidative stress and enhances catalase-mediated antioxidant defense in adolescent women. Increased CAT activity and decreased MDA levels support this effect, while stable GSH levels point to the role of compensatory mechanisms.

This study aimed to evaluate the awareness levels of secondary school students studying in different climatic conditions toward winter sports by employing a descriptive scanning model, a quantitative research method. The SPSS 22.0 package program was used to analyze the data, while normality was assessed using the Kolmogorov and Smirnov tests. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-tests were performed for normally distributed data. In addition, the homogeneity of the variances was examined to determine between which groups the statistically significant differences occurred; since the variances did not exhibit homogeneous features, Tamhane’s T2 test, a post-hoc multiple comparison technique, was used. A significance level of p < .05 was accepted for the findings obtained from the analyses. In order to test the reliability of the scales, internal consistency coefficients (Cronbach’s alpha) were calculated, with the results presented in table format. Based on our findings, certain demographic and socioeconomic variables were observed to affect the awareness levels of secondary school students with regard to winter sports. Comparing students living in different climatic conditions, a greater awareness of winter sports was found among those residing in regions with low snowfall, where winter conditions are unsuited to winter sports. The level of awareness concerning winter sports was thus determined to vary according to education, socioeconomic situation, and demographic characteristics rather than climatic conditions

Background: Regular physical activity provides systemic health benefits, including improvements in redox homeostasis and antioxidant defense. Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) and total sulfhydryl groups (–SH) serve as sensitive biomarkers of oxidative protein modification and thiol-dependent antioxidant capacity. However, evidence regarding their relationship in young women who participate in structured exercise remains limited. This study aimed to investigate associations between regular exercise and serum IMA and –SH concentrations in healthy young women to better understand potential exercise-related redox differences and sex-specific physiological profiles. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 30 healthy women aged 18–25 years, recruited from university campuses and local fitness facilities. Participants were assigned to an exercise group (n = 15), performing structured training ≥3 sessions per week for at least 1 year, or a sedentary control group (n = 15) with no structured exercise history. After ethical approval and informed consent, venous blood samples were drawn following overnight fasting. Serum IMA was measured using the albumin–cobalt binding assay, while –SH concentrations were determined via the Ellman method. All analyses were conducted in duplicate under standardized laboratory conditions. Independent samples t-tests and Cohen’s d effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Results: Baseline anthropometric variables (age, height, weight) did not differ significantly between groups (p > 0.05). Serum IMA levels were significantly higher in the exercise group than in controls (0.75 ± 0.09 vs. 0.61 ± 0.08 ABSU; p < 0.001; d = 1.65). Conversely, –SH concentrations were significantly lower among exercising women (0.370 ± 0.046 vs. 0.447 ± 0.036 mmol/L; p < 0.001; d = −1.88). Both biomarkers showed very large effect sizes, reflecting robust differences in oxidative stress and antioxidant defense associated with regular physical training. Conclusion: This cross-sectional analysis indicates that regular structured exercise in young women is associated with a distinct redox profile characterized by elevated IMA and reduced –SH levels. This dual pattern may reflect altered redox homeostasis with increased oxidative protein modification and greater thiol utilization. IMA and –SH appear to be complementary biomarkers for evaluating exercise-related redox responses. Future longitudinal studies are needed to establish causal mechanisms and clinical significance. Clinical Trial Registration: Registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT07181044) on 6 September 2025.

The aim of this research is to determine the acute effect of repetitive sprint training on some biochemical parameters in futsal players. Ten male athletes (age: 21.50±1.84 years) in the futsal team of Muş Alparslan University voluntarily participated in the research. The research was designed with a pretest-posttest control group-free experimental design. 5 cc venous blood samples were taken from the athletes before and after the repetitive sprint training, and the samples were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes for biochemical analysis. After this process, serum blood samples were analyzed by photometric methods on the Architect ci16200 TM analyzer. The level of normality of the data was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Paired sample t test was used to compare the pretest-posttest values of data with normal distribution, and Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used for those that did not provide the normality assumption. According to the research findings, a significant difference was determined between the pretest and posttest in glucose and creatinine values of futsal players (p0.05). In glucose and creatinine parameters, it was determined that the posttest values of the futsal players were higher than the pretest values. As a result, it was determined that repetitive sprint training applied to futsal players had an acute effect on glucose and creatinine biochemical parameters. Understanding the effect and importance of biochemical parameters in futsal players can help coaches to prepare sportive performance and efficient training programs.