Warm-up programs in sports education can provide positive developments in motor and technical skills. The objective of this study was to determine the acute effects of ballistic, dynamic, and static warm-up protocols on motor and technical skills in male handball players. Twelve male handball players (mean age: 19.50±3.97 years) from the second league in Turkey participated in this study voluntarily. Warm-up protocols were implemented for the participants at the same time on three different days. At the beginning of the study, the height and body masses of the handball players were measured. After each warm-up protocol, 9-m shot, over-the-block shot, vertical jump, T agility, 20-m sprint, flexibility, and flamingo balance tests were conducted on the participants. The normality level of the data was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk test using the SPSS statistical program. While Repeated Measures ANOVA and the Bonferroni test from post hoc analysis were applied to data with normal distribution, the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test with the Bonferroni correction were used for non-normally distributed data. According to our findings, there was a significant difference between the warm-up protocols in the T agility, flexibility, and over-the-block shooting tests (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was found in the vertical jump, 20-m sprint, balance, or 9-m shooting tests (p > 0.05). The ballistic warm-up protocol applied to male handball players in sports education provided positive improvements in flexibility and over-the-block shooting skills, while the dynamic warm-up protocol yielded positive improvements in agility and flexibility.

Background: Adolescence is a critical period where exercise-induced oxidative stress is modulated by both training adaptations and hormonal changes, particularly the antioxidant effects of estrogen in females. However, data on how adolescent female athletes respond to long-term exercise remain limited. The aim of this study was to examine oxidative stress levels and some antioxidant defense parameters in adolescent female athletes who train regularly. Methods: The study included 20 adolescent female basketball players (16.65 ± 0.67 years; 165.50 ± 0.06 cm; 59.75 ± 5.50 kg) with at least three years of training experience and 20 non-athlete adolescent female participants (16.80 ± 0.69 years; 159.95 ± 0.04 cm; 60.15 ± 4.23 kg). Malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) levels were analyzed by a spectrophotometric method using a UV/VIS spectrophotometer in blood samples taken from all participants, and the data were compared between the groups. Results: The results showed that MDA levels were significantly lower in the athlete group (p < 0.01; d = 4.78). In addition, CAT activity was significantly higher in athletes compared to non-athletes (p < 0.01; d = 7.81). However, no significant difference was observed in GSH levels between the groups (p > 0.05; d = 0.15). A strong negative correlation was found between MDA and CAT (r = −0.900). Conclusions: These findings suggest that prolonged exercise reduces oxidative stress and enhances catalase-mediated antioxidant defense in adolescent women. Increased CAT activity and decreased MDA levels support this effect, while stable GSH levels point to the role of compensatory mechanisms.

Whey protein (WP) and collagen peptides may exert complementary effects on musculoskeletal tissues, yet their combined efficacy in resistance-trained indiv

Oxidative stress–related processes contribute to exercise physiology through redox-sensitive signaling, yet when oxidant production exceeds antioxida

To compare functional performance between athletes with chronic ankle instability (CAI) and healthy controls using objective motion analysis, and to determ