Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a complication of ovarian stimulation with increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and vascular permeability in ovarian tissue. Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) is known to be associated with angiogenesis and vascular permeability. In this experimental study, we aimed to investigate the activity of TRPM2 in the development of OHSS. Fourteen immature female rats were divided into two groups. Group 1 was the control group, and Group 2 was the OHSS group which was exposed to 10 IU of subcutaneous application of FSH for four days and 30 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on 5th day. At the end of the experiment, the ovaries were removed. The right ovarian tissues were stored in 10% formol for histopathological and immunohistochemical examination. The left ovarian tissues were stored at ?80°C for biochemical examinations. VEGF, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF??) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured in the ovarian tissue. Congestion, edema, apoptosis and TRPM2 immunoreactivity were evaluated. There was a significant increase in ovarian weight in the OHSS group compared to the control group. There was a significant increase in congestion, edema, apoptosis and TRPM2 immunoreactivity in the OHSS group. A significant increase in tissue levels of VEGF, TNF?? and MDA was also found in the OHSS group compared to the control group. As a result of our experiment, Increased TRPM2 immunoreactivity on hyperstimulated rat ovary may be the reason or result of edema and congestion. Further studies are needed to discuss our results.

Background and aim: To compare the effects of bilateral proximal tubal occlusion and bilateral total salpingectomy on ovarian reserve and the cholinergic system via rat experiment. Materials and methods: Twenty-one adult female rats were randomly divided into the following three groups: G1 (n = 7), sham group; G2 (n = 7), bilateral total salpingectomy group; and G3 (n = 7), bilateral proximal tubal occlusion group. Four weeks later, the abdomen of the rats was opened. The right ovarian tissues were stored in 10% formaldehyde, whereas the left ovarian tissues were stored at -80 degrees C in aluminum foil. Serum samples were evaluated for antimullerian hormone. The right ovary was used for histological and immunoreactive examination, and the left ovary was used for tissue MDA analysis. Tissue samples were analyzed for MDA levels with spectrophotometric measurement, apoptosis with TUNEL staining, fibrosis score with Mason trichrome staining, ovarian reserve with HE staining, and cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (CHRM1) level with immunoreactivity method. Results: Compared to G1 and G3, the number of corpus luteum with secondary follicles was significantly lower in G2, whereas the number of ovarian cysts and fibrosis and apoptosis scores increased significantly. The CHRM1 immunoreactivity was significantly lower in G2 than in G1 and G3. Conclusions: Compared to the bilateral proximal tubal occlusion performed by using bipolar cautery, bilateral total salpingectomy in rats leads to a significant damage in ovarian histopathology and the cholinergic system.

Objectives: We aimed to compare gender difference on sizes of some structures in the brain of normal male and female fetuses between 20 and 22 week gestations. Methods: A total of 300 female and 300 male singleton pregnancies with low risk were included in the study. Biparietal diameter, head circumference, transcerebellar diameter, cisterna magna, nuchal fold thickness, anterior and posterior horn of lateral ventricles, length and width of cavum septum pellucidum were measured transabdominally. Mean±SD values were calculated and comparison of measurements were done between male and female fetuses. Kolmogorov–Smirnov and independent samples t-test were used for statistical analysis. A value of p<0.05 were accepted as statistically significant. Results: We determined statistically significant difference in sizes of some structures of the brain of male and female fetuses. Mean±SD value of cavum septi pellucidi width was 3.38±0.61 and 3.85±0.96 in female and males, respectively (p<0.05). Male fetuses were also found to have larger anterior (1.92±0.30 vs. 1.58±0.26, p<0.0001) and posterior horn of lateral ventricles (6.00±0.87 vs. 5.53±1.17, p<0.05). Conclusions: Difference in sizes of some structures of the brain starts in fetal life. This finding may be important in evaluating the intracranial structures more precisely. These results may also give a contribution to the understanding physiological and pathologic differences between males and females.

We look at the immunoreactivity of cholinergic receptor muscarinic 1 (CHRM1) in the ovarian tissues of rats with ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) considering the possibility that the muscarinic activity may contribute to the pathophysiology of OHSS. In this study, 14 immature female Wistar Albino rats were divided into two groups at random. The rats were 22 days old. Rats in the control group (n=7) were 22 days old, while those in the OHSS group (n=7) received 10 IU follicle-stimulating hormone subcutaneously over the course of four days and 30 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on the fifth day to induce ovarian hyperstimulation. All the rats were sacrificed after all the groups' ovaries and blood samples were collected at the conclusion of the experiment. The left ovarian tissues were kept in aluminum foil at -80 °C, while the right ovarian tissues were kept in 10% formalin. Tissue vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured by The Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay technique in the ovarian tissues. CHRM1 immunoreactivity was scored immunohistochemically. Ovarian weight, tissue IL-10, TNF-α, VEGF and MDA levels, and CHRM1 immunoreactivity were significantly increased in the OHSS group. Increased levels of CHRM1 activity may play a role in the pathophysiology of OHSS. With further studies, the effect of luteinizing hormone and hCG on the ovarian and hypothalamic cholinergic system can be further investigated, and useful information can be obtained in determining OHSS prevention strategies.

This study compared the surgical outcomes of total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) and vaginal-assisted natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) in patients with a history of gynecologic and obstetric surgery. This cross-sectional study included 100 women who underwent TLH (n = 50) and vNOTES hysterectomy (n = 50) for benign gynecological pathologies. The demographic features and surgical outcomes of all the patients were recorded retrospectively. Postoperative hematocrit values, Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores (6-24th hour), uterine weights, operation time, hospital stay, postoperative analgesic application requirement, blood transfusion, vaginal cuff closure time, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were assessed. There were no differences in demographic features between the groups. The need for analgesic application was similar between groups (p = 0.590). Vaginal closure time was significantly shorter in the vNOTES group (p < 0.001). The surgery time and hospital stay were significantly shorter in the vNOTES group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.006, respectively), and there was no difference in complication rates between the groups (p = 0.992). The preoperative Htc values were similar in both groups (P = 0.980). There was no significant difference in the postoperative Htc values (p = 0.901). Postoperative 6th hour VAS score of the vNOTES group was significantly lower than that of the TLH group (p = 0.001). The vNOTES hysterectomy procedure has more advantages than TLH in terms of minimally invasive surgery, even in patients with a history of gynecologic and obstetric surgery.

Aim: In our study, we aimed to comprehensively evaluate the surgical parameters of patients who underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) and vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) hysterectomy and their effects on the development of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and sexual function one year later. Materials and Methods: This retrospective and comparative study involved a review of medical records for 42 patients who underwent total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) for benign conditions and 42 patients who underwent hysterectomy using vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) at our clinic between January 2023 and January 2024. Evaluations of preoperative and postoperative pelvic organ prolapse and sexual function were conducted, and the anatomical and functional outcomes of both surgical methods were compared. Results: In this study, there was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of age (p < 0.299), BMI (p < 0.819), parity (p < 0.615), surgical indications and menopausal status (p < 0.535) (p > 0.05). The vNOTES method was found to be significantly shorter than TLH in terms of surgical time (vNOTES: 58 min, TLH: 80 min, p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between the two methods in terms of preoperative and postoperative hematocrit values, hospital stay and FSFI scores (p > 0.05). Among the POP-Q parameters, a significant difference was observed only in the Aa parameter in favor of the vNOTES method (p < 0.003). Conclusions: In our study, the vNOTES method provided a shorter surgical time and better anterior vaginal support compared to TLH, but both methods offered similar results in terms of sexual function. More comprehensive studies are needed to clarify the long-term effects.