The preliminary thermogravimetric studies of co-pyrolyzed low rank coals (lignites Kostolac and Kolubara) with waste materials (spent coffee ground and waste rubber granulate) in a form of blends have been performed. Thermal analysis measurements of blend samples were carried out in a nitrogen, atmosphere at three different heating rates of 10, 15, and 20 K per minute. The coal-waste blends were prepared in the percentage ratios of 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30. This work analyzed the synergy analysis for considered blends shown via descriptive parameters during co-pyrolysis process. According to the performed analysis, the presence of synergistic effect was identified, where strong interactions were also observed. For lignite-spent coffee ground blends, it was found that two factors which affect the synergy effect with coal are concentration of added biomass material and the heating rate. For lignite-tire rubber granulate blends, the blending ratio take on a decisive role for positive consequences of a synergistic effect (ratios below 30% of tire rubber granulate in coals are desirable). Also, in this work the influence of micro-scale condition parameters such as heating rate (as the experimental regulatory factor) was analyzed on the magnitude response of synergism during co-pyrolysis.

Oil and gas plants can be classified into onshore plants and offshore plants, colloquially called oil and gas platforms or simply oil platforms. Oil rigs represent an enormous feat of engineering developed from over 150 years of industrial expertise. This paper shows the classification of oil and gas platforms according to their constructions and purposes and describes the types of oil platforms, their construction, advantages and disadvantages.

Tanks generally can be classified according to their position on the ground and underground. Based on this classification, the classification of ground storage tanks is usually made according to their shape, material, and type of roof. This paper shows the classification of ground storage tanks according to their construction and purpose and describes the main types of ground storage tanks, their construction, advantages and disadvantages.

Offshore pipeline systems associated with floating platforms operate under complex environmental and operational conditions that significantly influence their structural integrity and inspection requirements. Limited accessibility, harsh marine environments, and time-dependent degradation mechanisms require inspection planning to be supported by structured decision-making frameworks capable of explicitly accounting for both degradation processes and failure consequences. In this study, a Risk-Based Inspection (RBI)-driven integrity assessment is applied to three carbon steel pipeline systems associated with a SPAR offshore platform. The analysis integrates system description, identification of dominant damage mechanisms, and RBI quantification to evaluate probability of failure and consequence-related risk under offshore operating conditions. Internal corrosion is identified as the dominant long-term degradation mechanism for all analyzed pipelines, while external corrosion governs short-term inspection interval definition due to its higher growth rate and sensitivity to insulation characteristics and environmental exposure. Although all pipelines are classified within the same overall qualitative risk category, significant differences in failure probability, risk intensity, and consequence-driven risk behavior are observed, reflecting variations in system configuration, insulation systems, length, and functional role within the offshore production infrastructure. To enable meaningful comparison between pipeline systems of significantly different total lengths, normalized risk indicators per unit length are introduced. These indicators provide additional insight into local risk intensity and spatial risk distribution that are not evident from absolute risk values alone. The results highlight the importance of treating risk as a dynamic quantity rather than a static classification and demonstrate that RBI-based assessment supported by normalized risk metrics can enhance inspection prioritization and maintenance decision-making for SPAR-associated offshore pipeline systems.

Water towers represent a specific class of elevated structures whose structural integrity is governed by the interaction between geometric configuration, material properties, loading conditions, and long-term degradation processes. Many existing water towers were designed several decades ago and are currently operating beyond their original design life which raises concerns regarding their safety and serviceability under contemporary loading requirements. This paper provides a structured overview of water towers from the perspective of structural integrity and remaining life considerations. Particular emphasis is placed on wind and seismic loading effects, material behaviour, and assessment challenges relevant to existing structures. Typical structural configurations and materials are reviewed, and key issues related to inspection, analysis, and integrity evaluation are discussed. The paper aims to support engineers and researchers involved in the assessment and maintenance of water towers by highlighting critical aspects influencing their struc¬tural performance and long-term reliability.

This paper deals with the reliability of a vertical gas heater installed in an oil and gas plant, which has been in continuous operation for an extended period. It provides a classification of fired heaters based on their construction characteristics and outlines their role within the gas rectification process, including the types of equipment involved. The general construction of the heater is described, along with key design and operational process parameters. The paper also identifies damage mechanisms that affect this type of equipment. A risk-based inspection analysis was conducted, and an risk-based inspection matrix was developed, indicating that the equipment falls into the high-risk category in terms of both financial consequences and environmental impact.