Background/Objectives: Digestive problems are common in the general population and may be influenced by lifestyle, emotional status and diet. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of digestive problems in Spanish adults and examined associated factors. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional analysis of anonymized adult microdata from the 2023 Spanish Health Survey was performed. Data were collected using a mixed-mode design (self-administered web questionnaire with interviewer-administered follow-up). Digestive problems were recoded by combining gastric ulcer, constipation, and prescribed use of laxatives, astringent drugs, and stomach medication. Therefore, digestive problems are primarily defined as the presence of gastric ulcers, diarrhea, and/or constipation. Variables included sociodemographic, Body Mass Index (BMI), smoking, alcohol intake, physical activity, Personal Health Questionnaire Depression Scale (PHQ-8), World Health Organization Well Being Index (WHO-5), and macronutrient intake estimated from a Food-Frequency Questionnaire using the Spanish Food Composition Database (BEDCA). Group comparisons and multivariable logistic regression were conducted (95% CI; significance level set at p < 0.05). Results: Of 34,148 participants, 13,518 provided information on digestive problems; among these respondents, 3860 (28.6%) reported having digestive issues. Prevalence ranged from 5.2% to 36.5% among national territories. Higher odds (OR) of digestive problems were associated with age (OR 1.026, 95% CI 1.023–1.029), female sex (OR 1.168, 1.070–1.276), non-smoking (OR 1.240, 1.005–1.531) and ex-smoking (OR 1.447, 1.272–1.647) compared to current smokers, higher PHQ-8 scores (OR 1.040, 1.029–1.051), greater protein intake (OR 1.016, 1.009–1.023), consumption of sweet pastries (OR 1.058, 1.039–1.077), and dairy products (OR 1.027, 1.002–1.053); in contrast, lower odds were associated with higher WHO-5 scores (OR 0.985, 0.982–0.987), total fiber intake (OR 0.968, 0.949–0.987), and legume consumption (OR 0.894, 0.856–0.933). Conclusions: Digestive problems show considerable variability in prevalence among survey-based Spanish sample. Digestive problems were associated with older age, female sex, depressive symptoms, high-protein intake, and higher consumption of sweet pastries and dairy products, whereas higher well-being scores, higher fiber intake and legume consumption were associated with lower odds of digestive problems.

Background: Aging and its pathologies, particularly sleep problems, are increasingly affecting industrialized societies. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of different cognitive interventions for the treatment of insomnia or poor sleep quality in community-dwelling older people. Methodology: A systematic review was carried out from November 2023–July 2024 according to the standards of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses in the databases. The following databases were consulted: Pubmed, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The studies included patients with sleep problems or insomnia over 60 years of age. To evaluate the quality of the studies, the Critical Appraisal Skills Program Spanish (CASPe) guide was used. Results: Nine clinical trials with intervention groups and control groups belonging to the last 10 years were selected. They were analyzed, and the results were verified via questionnaires, scales, sleep diaries, and objective measures. In general, the implementation of the interventions improved the quality of sleep and symptoms of insomnia. Conclusions: Cognitive interventions have been found to be safe and useful for the treatment of insomnia and poor sleep quality in older people. Furthermore, they are feasible in terms of cost effectiveness and can be easily implemented by primary care teams.

BACKGROUND Anxiety can influence the intensity of postoperative pain, anesthesia and the need for analgesia. Likewise, proper anxiety management can reduce hospital stays. Therefore, it is important to review the actions of nursing professionals and estimate the effect size of nursing interventions to reduce anxiety in the pre- and postsurgical processes. OBJECTIVE the objective of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of preoperative motivational interviews by nursing to reduce pre- and postoperative anxiety and postoperative pain after surgery. METHODS A systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA guide, with a record in PROSPERO using DeCS and Boolean operators OR and AND to increase the specificity of the search. In the EBSCOST, Pubmed, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases, 184 studies were obtained. Patients ≥18 years of age with scheduled surgeries, communication skills, clinical trials or quasi experimental studies were included. The risk of bias 2 (RoB2) tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the studies. A random effects meta-analysis was performed to analyze pre- and post-operative anxiety and post-operative pain. RESULTS A total of 6 studies were included (4 clinical trials and 2 quasi experimental studies). All studies analyzed preoperative anxiety, which was significantly lower (OR = -1.53; 95% CI: - 4.01 to -0.95; I² = 40%). There was also a decrease in postoperative pain (OR = -0.74; 95% CI: - 0.94 to -0.54; I² = 35%) and postoperative anxiety (OR = -0.48; 95% CI: - 0.78 to -0.19; I² = 0%). CONCLUSIONS Motivational interviews by nurses effectively offered clear information and allowed patients to express doubts, reducing their fear of anesthesia, pain and the recovery process. Emotional control improved adaptation to the surgical environment, reducing postoperative pain. With respect to implications for clinical practice, it is necessary to use the same scales to measure anxiety to better compare the studies.

Background: Family members of intensive care unit patients are at risk of post-intensive care syndrome-family (PICS-F), including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and reduced quality of life. Non-pharmacological interventions such as counseling, education, and support programs may help, but evidence is limited. Evaluating these interventions is essential to guide tailored strategies that improve caregiver well-being. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different non-pharmacological interventions for improving post-intensive care family symptoms in family members and caregivers of adult patients. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating non-pharmacological interventions in adult caregivers of critically ill patients were included. Variables such as anxiety, depression, PTSD, and quality of life were analyzed. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB-2 tool. Results: Seven RCTs involving 1026 participants, predominantly women, were included. Most interventions did not demonstrate statistically significant improvements in PICS-F symptoms. However, 2 multicomponent interventions that combined structured follow-up, personalized support, and active professional involvement showed significant reductions in anxiety, depression, and PTSD symptoms, as well as improvements in quality of life. In contrast, brief, standardized, or self-guided interventions without sustained professional support were generally ineffective. Conclusion: Most non-pharmacological interventions evaluated did not show consistent efficacy in reducing PICS-F symptoms. Interventions incorporating longitudinal follow-up, personalized emotional support, and multicomponent approaches appeared to provide greater benefit. Further high-quality RCTs using standardized diagnostic and outcome measures are needed to establish robust therapeutic recommendations.

Background: Multimodal interventions combining physical exercise and cognitive stimulation may improve sleep and healthy aging among older adults. However, little is known about how participants experience these interventions. This study explored the experiences and perceptions of older adults who participated in physical exercise, combining physical exercise and cognitive training, or health education programs designed to improve sleep. Methods: A qualitative process evaluation using reflexive thematic analysis was conducted following a randomized controlled trial in Toledo, Spain. Twenty-one community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years from the control, physical exercise (Otago), and combined exercise plus CogniFit^® groups completed semistructured interviews. The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed from the recordings, and analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. The study was reported in accordance with the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) guidelines. Results: Six themes emerged: participation experience, perceived changes in sleep, benefits beyond sleep, evaluation of program components, facilitators and barriers, and maintenance of healthy habits. The participants reported high levels of satisfaction across all the groups. Beyond perceived changes in sleep, participants described perceived benefits related to physical well-being, cognitive stimulation, social interaction, and healthier habits. The participants also identified facilitators and barriers affecting engagement and maintenance. Exercise was valued for its simplicity and adaptability, whereas cognitive training was considered stimulating despite initial technological challenges. The main barriers were preexisting health conditions and difficulties using digital technology. Many participants intended to maintain the healthy habits acquired during the intervention. Conclusions: The participants who completed the qualitative interviews generally described positive experiences across the three groups. These findings provide insights relevant to the design of person-centered and accessible interventions and highlight factors that may influence engagement and maintenance in community settings.

Background and Objectives: Anxiety can influence the intensity of postoperative pain, anesthesia and the need for analgesia. Likewise, proper anxiety management can reduce hospital stays. Therefore, it is important to review the actions of nursing professionals and estimate the effect size of nursing interventions to reduce anxiety in pre- and postsurgical processes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of preoperative motivational interviews by nursing to reduce pre- and postoperative anxiety and postoperative pain after surgery. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was carried out according to the PRISMA guidelines, with a record in PROSPERO using DeCS and Boolean operators OR and AND to increase the specificity of the search. In the EBSCOhost, Pubmed, Cochrane Library and Scopus databases, 104 studies were obtained. Patients ≥ 18 years of age with scheduled surgeries, communication skills, clinical trials or quasi-experimental studies were included. The risk of bias 2 (RoB2) tool was used to assess the risk of bias in the studies. A random effects meta-analysis was performed to analyze pre- and postoperative anxiety and postoperative pain. Results: A total of 6 studies were included (4 clinical trials and 2 quasi-experimental studies). All the studies analyzed preoperative anxiety, which was significantly lower (SMD = −1.53; 95% CI: −4.01 to −0.95; I² = 40%). Postoperative pain (SMD = −0.74; 95% CI: −0.94 to −0.54; I² = 35%) and postoperative anxiety (SMD = −0.48; 95% CI: −0.78 to −0.19; I² = 0%) also decreased. Conclusions: Motivational interviews by nurses may help provide clearer information and emotional support and allow patients to express doubts, reducing their fear of anesthesia, pain and the recovery process. Emotional control improved adaptation to the surgical environment, reducing postoperative pain. With respect to implications for clinical practice, it is necessary to use the same scales to measure anxiety to better compare the studies.