The issue of stray cats and dogs is a global concern with considerable implications for animal welfare and public health. This review aims to provide an updated and comprehensive analysis of non-surgical contraceptive methods tested in studies controlled in vivo in feline and canine females. Immunocontraception via vaccination against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the luteinizing hormone receptor, zona pellucida proteins, and sperm, or use of viral-vectored delivery, is yet developing. Hormonal treatment (progestins, androgens, or GnRH) analogs act directly to block the reproductive axis. However, it produced essential side effects. Analogs of kisspeptin, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs such as firocoxib, and delivery of cytotoxins to the pituitary have shown non-conclusive results. Additional methods have also been tested, such as intraovarian injection of necrosing compounds or intravaginal and intrauterine devices. At present, neither of these methods offers permanent sterility that can replace surgical sterilization techniques. To our knowledge, none are currently authorized by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for contraceptive methods or sterilization of cats or dogs. Therefore, it is necessary to continue the development of a compound that warrants the sterility of cats and dogs.

Evaluación de la técnica modificada de tinción Giemsa en la valoración acrosomal de espermatozoides de mamíferos

Cestode infections are considered uncommon in commercial laying hens maintained in elevated cages because contact with soil, litter, and potential intermediate host is reduced. This case describes naturally occuring Raillietina tetragona infection in a commercial flock of approximately 25,000 Lohmann White hens, 100 hens, 100 weeks of age, maintained in elevated cages in Tepatitlán, Jalisco, México. Affected birds exhibited emaciation and diarrhea. Postmortem examination identified thinning of the intestinal wall, mucosal hemorrhages, and cestodes throughout the small intestine. Morphological examination of recovered cestodes supported identification as R. tetragona; recorded features included an approximately 18-cm flattened strobila, an armed rostellum, four ovoid armed suckers, and reproductive structures in mature and gravid proglottids. Histopathological examination of the duodenum showed disruption of mucosal architecture, partial villous atrophy and destruction, epithelial and mucosal necrosis, glandular hypertrophy and luminal enlargement, and inflitration by plasma cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. The findings describe a clinically relevant intestinal challenge in a cage-production setting. They also support the incomplete biological exclusion. Because enviromenmental transmission routes and functional resilience were not measured, these concepts are discussed as epidemiological and interpretive frameworks rather demonstrated outcomes.