English Thoroughbred horses, are widespread in Mexico and due to the lack of data on their exercise physiology, it is important to conduct exercise tests in order to obtain information the effects of exercise on more essential cations/anions in blood serum, as these horses are submitted to constant efforts. The study was carried out with 150 blood samples of English Thoroughbred horses clinically healthy. The blood sample collection was performed during three periods: 1) rest, 2) 30min after exercise (speed race of 12km/h for 30min with no rest) and 3) 60min after exercise. Mean values were calculated for cations (sodium and potassium) and anions (chloride and bicarbonate). The resulting data set was analyzed using Gaussian distribution and descriptive statistics. Confidence intervals of 95% were established. The linear relationships between ions were quantified, and an analysis of variance was performed to compare the mean values between groups. The concentrations of the described analytes are consistent with values reported by international literature. The comparison between groups, revealed that during exercise, sodium ion did not show changes 30min after exercise and increase 60min after. Potassium ion showed increase 30min after exercise and decrease 60min after. Chloride ion showed a decrease 30min after exercise, to recover gradually 60min after. Meanwhile, bicarbonate ion showed increase 30min after exercise, decreasing slightly in the final stage. Negative correlation between bicarbonate ion and chloride ion were determined. It was concluded that exercise tests are useful for the determination of acid-base balance and osmotic balance, and their main role is to evaluate the athletic ability of horses.Considering that chloride ion excretion and metabolic adjustments of potassium ion and bicarbonate ion are superior to water loss, compared to the normal osmolarity of blood serum. The results found can be used to structure an adequate replacement program of electrolytes lost in sweat.

The present study evaluated the effect of the sex and dietary intake of tuna black flour (TBF)on the hematology and histopathology of broiler chickens. A total of 200 sexed broilers (Ross 380) were distributed according to a completely randomized design into four treatments (25 males and 25 females/experimental group).Different levels of inclusion of TBF (0, 1, 2, and 3%) were offered as a source of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), for 42 d. At the end of the experiment, blood samples and tissues were collected. The hematocrit value (Hemat), total protein (PROT-T), hemoglobin concentration (Hemog), erythrocytes concentration (Erythro) and total count and differential of leucocytes (Leuco): lymphocytes, heterophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were determined. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using the Analysis of Variance test, Duncan’s multiple range test, and descriptive analyses (p<0.05). Samples of heart, liver, and bursa of Fabricius were processed with the routine histological technique. The sex had no significant effect on the hematology. The feeding additional with 3% TBF had lower level of Hemat value and PROT-T. The Leuco had lower value with 1 and 2% of TBF. The Monocytes showed low value with 1 and 2% of TBF, and the eosinophils had high level with 1% of TBF. No cardiac lesions were detected in the broiler chickens in all treatments, normal deposition of fat in the epicardium, endocardium and pericardium were seen in all treatments.

Cestode infections are considered uncommon in commercial laying hens maintained in elevated cages because contact with soil, litter, and potential intermediate host is reduced. This case describes naturally occuring Raillietina tetragona infection in a commercial flock of approximately 25,000 Lohmann White hens, 100 hens, 100 weeks of age, maintained in elevated cages in Tepatitlán, Jalisco, México. Affected birds exhibited emaciation and diarrhea. Postmortem examination identified thinning of the intestinal wall, mucosal hemorrhages, and cestodes throughout the small intestine. Morphological examination of recovered cestodes supported identification as R. tetragona; recorded features included an approximately 18-cm flattened strobila, an armed rostellum, four ovoid armed suckers, and reproductive structures in mature and gravid proglottids. Histopathological examination of the duodenum showed disruption of mucosal architecture, partial villous atrophy and destruction, epithelial and mucosal necrosis, glandular hypertrophy and luminal enlargement, and inflitration by plasma cells, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. The findings describe a clinically relevant intestinal challenge in a cage-production setting. They also support the incomplete biological exclusion. Because enviromenmental transmission routes and functional resilience were not measured, these concepts are discussed as epidemiological and interpretive frameworks rather demonstrated outcomes.